Author
Charles Darwin
1809-1882
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is a public-domain author available on Rivro. Read free books, explore subjects, and discover related classics.
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Books by Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
"On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection" by Charles Darwin is a work of scientific literature published in 1859. It introduced the theory that populations evolve through natural selection, with life's diversity arising from common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin presented evidence from his Beagle expedition and years of research to challenge the belief that species were unchanging. The book sparked intense scientific, philosophical, and religious debate, ultimately transforming our understanding of life and becoming the foundation of evolutionary biology.
More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters
"More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1" by Charles Darwin is a collection of correspondence published in 1903. Edited by Francis Darwin and Albert Seward, this sequel to "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin" presents 782 additional letters from Darwin's vast correspondence. The volumes reveal exchanges with scientists, family members, and thinkers across the globe, offering fresh insights into Darwin's scientific work and personal relationships. The collection includes a brief autobiographical piece and features letters to correspondents ranging from Joseph Dalton Hooker to Alfred Russel Wallace.
Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1
"Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1" by Charles Darwin is a biographical work published in 1887. Edited by Darwin's son Francis, this foundational biography combines Darwin's own autobiographical writings with 87 selected letters from his correspondence and an essay by Thomas Huxley. The book offers an intimate portrait of Darwin's personal character, work methods, and intellectual development through his own words and exchanges with fellow scientists and thinkers, becoming the cornerstone of biographical study about the renowned naturalist.
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edition
"The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication written in the mid-19th century. The work discusses the foundational concepts of evolution, focusing on the mechanisms of natural selection and the descent of species from common ancestors. Through rigorous examination of evidence from various fields, Darwin presents a revolutionary framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth. At the start of this publication, Darwin reflects on the history and evolution of species, outlining how previous naturalists' views have laid the groundwork for his arguments. He introduces the importance of variation, the struggle for existence, and natural selection as driving forces of evolutionary change. He also shares anecdotes from his travels and research, emphasizing empirical observations that challenge the notion of fixed, unchanging species. The writing conveys Darwin's deep commitment to the scientific method, as he strives for collective understanding in a field often clouded by traditional beliefs.
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" by Charles Darwin is a scientific work published in 1872. Darwin's third major evolutionary study examines the biological origins of human emotional behavior—from smiling and frowning to blushing and surprise. Challenging traditional spiritual explanations, Darwin traces these expressions to animal behavior and argues for their universal nature across all human cultures. Using innovative methods including questionnaires, psychological experiments, and pioneering photography, Darwin establishes connections between mental states and physical movement, forming what some consider the foundation of modern scientific psychology.
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication written during the late 19th century. In this work, Darwin explores the origins and evolution of humans, focusing on their development from lower forms of life and discussing the processes of natural and sexual selection. The book seeks to build on Darwin's earlier theories, applying them specifically to the human species and providing a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of human evolution. The opening of the work serves as an introduction, outlining Darwin's motivations and intentions for the book. He reflects on the acceptance of evolutionary theory within the scientific community and the importance of understanding human origins in a similar light to other species. Darwin sets the stage for his exploration by highlighting key themes such as descent, variability, and the role of both natural and sexual selection in shaping human traits. He emphasizes that humans share a close anatomical and developmental relationship with other mammals, pointing out evidence from embryology and comparative anatomy that supports the idea of common descent. The beginning establishes a foundation for the detailed examination of human evolution that follows, engaging readers with the profound implications of Darwin's observations and conclusions.
The Voyage of the Beagle
"The Voyage of the Beagle" by Charles Darwin is a book published in 1839, chronicling the five-year HMS Beagle expedition around the world. Part travel memoir and part scientific journal, it documents Darwin's keen observations of biology, geology, and anthropology across distant lands. Written as Darwin began developing his revolutionary theories on evolution, the book captures his experiences exploring South America and beyond, offering vivid accounts of places and discoveries that would shape scientific history.
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. I
"The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. I" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This work explores the evolutionary origins of humankind and the processes of sexual selection that may have shaped human characteristics. It aims to illuminate how humans, like other species, are likely descended from lower forms of life, and it discusses the implications of this descent on our understanding of human nature. The opening of the book provides insight into Darwin's reasoning for writing this comprehensive study. He reflects on his previous works and the increasing acceptance among naturalists of the theory of evolution, prompting him to examine the origin of man with greater scrutiny. Darwin outlines his intention to explore three main points: whether humans descend from some pre-existing form, how this development occurs, and the implications of variations among human races. The introduction sets the stage for an analytical comparison of human anatomy, mental faculties, and evolutionary evidence alongside the characteristics of lower animals, ultimately aiming to establish a scientific basis for understanding human evolution.
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
"The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication" by Charles Darwin is a two-volume work published in January 1868. Drawing on thirteen years of breeding experiments and extensive correspondence, Darwin presents detailed observations on domesticated species—from pigeons to plants. The book also introduces his controversial theory of heredity called pangenesis, which attempts to explain how traits pass from parents to offspring. Though Darwin himself felt "nauseated" rereading his own pages, this exhaustive study laid groundwork for understanding biological inheritance and represented years of painstaking labor beyond his famous Origin of Species.
More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters
"More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2" by Charles Darwin is a collection of correspondence published in 1903. Edited by Francis Darwin and Albert Seward, this two-volume work presents 782 additional letters following the acclaimed 1887 biography. The correspondence spans Darwin's exchanges with scientists, family members, and intellectuals across disciplines, offering insights into his scientific thinking and personal relationships. Dedicated to Joseph Hooker in recognition of his lifelong friendship with Darwin, the collection includes a brief autobiographical piece and reveals previously unpublished material from the naturalist's extensive correspondence.
Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage Round the World of H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N.
"Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries…" by Charles Darwin is a travel memoir and scientific journal published in 1839. The book chronicles Darwin's nearly five-year voyage aboard HMS Beagle, documenting his explorations across South America and beyond. Through vivid descriptions and detailed observations of biology, geology, and anthropology, Darwin records the experiences and discoveries that would shape his revolutionary thinking. Written as Western Europeans charted unknown territories, the work captures a pivotal moment when careful observation began revealing nature's deepest secrets.
Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2
"Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2" by Charles Darwin is a biographical collection published in 1887, edited by his son Francis Darwin. This volume presents selected correspondence from Darwin's vast letter-writing, alongside autobiographical recollections written for his family and an essay on the reception of his groundbreaking theory. The work offers intimate glimpses into Darwin's personal character, scientific methods, and the gradual development of his revolutionary ideas through his own words and exchanges with contemporaries.
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Vol. I.
"The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Vol. I." by Charles Darwin is a two-volume work published in January 1868. This comprehensive study presents detailed observations on domesticated animals and plants, drawing from Darwin's years of breeding experiments and correspondence with fellow naturalists. The work also introduces his controversial theory of heredity called pangenesis. Written over four years following "On the Origin of Species," the book represents Darwin's attempt to provide the detailed evidence and facts supporting his evolutionary conclusions, though he found the writing process exhausting.
Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters
"Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters" edited by Francis Darwin is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This work provides an intimate glimpse into the life and thoughts of Charles Darwin, the eminent naturalist best known for his theory of evolution. The book not only chronicles his scientific journey but also sheds light on his personal experiences and familial relationships, offering a holistic view of the man behind the theory. The opening of this work introduces readers to Darwin's early life and family background, particularly highlighting his father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, and his mother, Susannah, whose influence shaped his character. The narrative delves into Darwin's formative years, detailing his interests in natural history, his education, and the early experiences that sparked his scientific curiosity. It establishes a foundation for understanding the personal and academic challenges he faced as he navigated various educational institutions, ultimately setting the stage for his groundbreaking contributions to biology and natural science.
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
"The Autobiography of Charles Darwin" by Charles Darwin is a memoir written in 1876. Originally titled "Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Character," Darwin penned this personal account for his family. The work traces his intellectual journey and character formation. First published in 1887, the initial edition was censored by his son, removing passages about Darwin's critical views on God and Christianity. These omitted sections were restored in 1958, revealing Darwin's complete, unfiltered reflections.
Insectivorous Plants
"Insectivorous Plants" by Charles Darwin is a scientific study published in 1875. The book examines carnivorous plants and their remarkable adaptations for surviving in nutrient-poor environments. Through meticulous experiments, Darwin investigated how these plants trap, digest, and absorb nutrients from insects using mechanisms strikingly similar to animal digestion. He tested various stimuli and discovered the plants respond only to potential prey, demonstrating sophisticated evolutionary efficiency. The work reveals nature's ingenious solutions to survival challenges in difficult conditions.
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. II (1st Edition)
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. II (1st Edition)" by Charles Darwin is a book published in 1871. This groundbreaking work applies evolutionary theory to human origins and introduces sexual selection as a driving force in biological adaptation. Darwin examines mental and physical traits, comparing humans to animals, and explores controversial topics including racial differences, gender roles, mate choice, and the impact of civilization on natural selection. The book challenged Victorian society's assumptions about human uniqueness and sparked debates about morality, progress, and humanity's place in nature.
The Power of Movement in Plants
"The Power of Movement in Plants" by Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis Darwin, is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This work delves into the intricate movements of various plant parts, specifically focusing on how they adapt and respond to their environment through mechanisms such as circumnutation and geotropism, which illustrate the complexity of plant behavior often compared to animal movement. The opening of the book provides a detailed introduction to the concept of circumnutation—the circular or spiral movements made by the tips of plants during growth. Darwin explains the various conditions under which these movements can be observed, and he introduces specific plant examples. In the first chapter, he begins with the circumnutating movements of seedlings, describing experiments involving the radicles, hypocotyls, and cotyledons of Brassica oleracea and other species. Through observations and detailed descriptions of their movements, Darwin lays the groundwork for understanding the mechanisms governing plant movement and responses to stimuli such as gravity and light. This detailed examination sets the stage for the subsequent chapters, which will explore similar characteristics in various plants.
A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia (Volume 2 of 2) The Balanidæ, (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidæ, etc., etc.
"A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia (Volume 2 of 2)" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication written in the mid-19th century. This work serves as a detailed account and analysis of the sub-class Cirripedia, which includes barnacles and related species. It explores various aspects of their anatomy, classification, and reproduction, reflecting Darwin's intricate observations and studies in marine biology. The opening of the monograph sets the stage for a thorough examination of Cirripedes, beginning with a transcriber's note and a table of contents that outlines the volume's structure. Darwin introduces the book by mentioning his past work on the Lepadidæ family of Cirripedia and hints at the depth of analysis that will follow, covering topics such as the anatomical features of barnacles, their sexual characteristics, and their metamorphoses. The preface expresses gratitude to various naturalists who assisted him, emphasizing the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry, which is central to the ethos of his exploration of this unique marine class.
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms With Observations on Their Habits
"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms" by Charles Darwin is a scientific book published in 1881. Darwin's final scientific work explores how earthworms transform soil through their daily activities. He demonstrates that these humble creatures, working gradually over long periods, create profound changes to the earth's surface. Through decades of observation and experiments—from his own garden to ancient ruins at Stonehenge—Darwin reveals how millions of worms per acre continuously reshape the ground beneath our feet, making the invisible visible.
Coral Reefs
"Coral Reefs" by Charles Darwin is a scientific monograph published in 1842 that presents his groundbreaking theory of how coral reefs and atolls form. Darwin conceived this theory during the Beagle voyage before even seeing a coral island, proposing that vast areas of ocean crust rise and fall over immense time periods. His observations explained how fringing reefs transform into barrier reefs and eventually into atolls as land slowly subsides beneath the sea, solving a major scientific puzzle of his era.
Geological Observations on South America
"Geological Observations on South America" by Charles Darwin is a scientific book published in 1846. Based on Darwin's travels aboard HMS Beagle, it documents the continent's geological features, fossils, and rock formations across Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. The third in Darwin's geology series, it presents groundbreaking observations about the Andes' uplift and South America's gradual elevation. Though Darwin himself called it "dreadfully dull," the work advanced geological understanding of continental formation during recent geological periods.
The Effects of Cross & Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
"The Effects of Cross & Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication likely authored in the late 19th century. This work explores the mechanisms and implications of cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation among plants, presenting experimental results that highlight their effects on the growth, vigor, and offspring characteristics of various species. Darwin aims to provide evidence on how these reproductive processes influence the overall health and adaptability of plant species. At the start of the book, the introductory chapter sets the stage for the experiments that follow, discussing the importance of cross-fertilisation in enhancing plant vitality. Darwin outlines the various techniques and methodologies employed in his experiments, noting the benefits derived from different fertilisation methods. He emphasizes how the structure and timing of flowering organs are crucial in facilitating cross-fertilisation and showcases numerous instances of plants adapted exclusively for this purpose. Through detailed observations, Darwin reveals his hypothesis that cross-fertilisation results in more vigorous offspring than self-fertilisation, laying the groundwork for the extensive data and analysis that follow in subsequent chapters.
The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844
"The Foundations of the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin is a scientific publication written in the early to mid-19th century. This work comprises two essays penned in 1842 and 1844, which lay the groundwork for the theory of evolution through natural selection. It explores the mechanisms of variation in species, the principles guiding selection processes in both domesticated and wild organisms, and the evidence for the descent of species from common ancestors. The opening of "The Foundations of the Origin of Species" introduces readers to Darwin's exploratory thoughts on evolution, beginning with the influences that shaped his perspective on species mutability. The text reflects on Darwin's early notions of evolution, supported by various observations and scientific debates. It discusses the significance of natural selection, variation, and the gradual changes in species over time, contrasting them with man's selective breeding practices. Overall, the beginning sections set up a comprehensive framework that supports Darwin's argument for evolutionary theory, anticipating the more detailed arguments and conclusions to follow throughout the essays.