Author
Immanuel Kant
1724-1804
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is a public-domain author available on Rivro. Read free books, explore subjects, and discover related classics.
Subjects
Books by Immanuel Kant
The Critique of Pure Reason
"The Critique of Pure Reason" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1781. Kant investigates the limits and scope of metaphysics, asking how we can know anything before experiencing it. He challenges both rationalist and empiricist traditions, introducing revolutionary ideas about space, time, and knowledge. The central question driving the work is: "How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?" Kant argues this matter is crucial to the survival of human reason itself.
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay
"Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1795. Kant proposes a peace program for governments, including preliminary articles demanding the abolition of standing armies and secret treaties, alongside three definitive articles establishing republican constitutions, a federation of free states, and universal hospitality. Rather than advocating world government, Kant envisions a league of independent republics that would naturally tend toward peace through representative governance and international cooperation.
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
"Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the late 18th century. This work lays the groundwork for modern ethical theory, specifically addressing the foundations of moral philosophy and the essential nature of duty. Kant examines the concepts of good will, moral obligation, and the formulation of moral laws that transcend individual inclinations, proposing a framework for understanding morality grounded in rational principles. The opening of the text presents Kant's exploration of the distinctions between different branches of philosophy, arguing for the necessity of a metaphysic of morals that is independent of empirical influence. He posits that true moral actions must be derived from a pure sense of duty informed by rationality, rather than from self-interest or emotional inclination. Kant introduces the concept of the categorical imperative, which he defines as a universal moral law meant to guide rational beings in their decision-making. This foundational idea illustrates that moral worth arises not from the outcomes of actions but from the motivations rooted in duty that respect the intrinsic value of rational beings as ends in themselves.
Kant's Critique of Judgement
"Kant's Critique of Judgement" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1790. The third in Kant's critical trilogy, it bridges his earlier investigations of knowledge and morality by exploring the nature of judgment itself. Divided into aesthetic and teleological sections, the work examines how we make judgments about beauty, the sublime, and purpose in nature. Kant introduces the concept of "subjective universal" judgments, revealing how aesthetic experiences claim validity beyond personal preference while resisting absolute determination.
The Critique of Practical Reason
"The Critique of Practical Reason" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1788. As the second of Kant's three critiques, it explores how pure reason can motivate moral action independent of sensory experience. The work establishes principles of morality, examines the concept of the highest good, and introduces the famous postulates of God's existence and the soul's immortality. Building on his earlier Groundwork, Kant places ethics within his broader critical philosophy, investigating how reason alone determines the will.
Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
"Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1783. Written as a more accessible summary of his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant investigates whether metaphysics can exist as a legitimate science. He examines how pure mathematics and natural science achieve certainty through synthetic a priori knowledge, tracing the origins and limits of human reason. The work responds to critics while defending the critical importance of establishing metaphysics on firm foundations.
Kant's gesammelte Schriften. Band V. Kritik der Urtheilskraft.
"Kant's gesammelte Schriften. Band V. Kritik der Urtheilskraft" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1790. Known as the "third Critique," it explores aesthetics and purposiveness in nature, examining how judgment bridges understanding and reason. Kant distinguishes between determining and reflective judgment, analyzing four types: the agreeable, the beautiful, the sublime, and the good. The work investigates whether judgment possesses its own a priori principles and how it connects cognitive faculties with pleasure and displeasure, completing Kant's critical philosophical system.
Kritik der reinen Vernunft Zweite hin und wieder verbesserte Auflage (1787)
"Kritik der reinen Vernunft" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1781. Kant investigates the limits and scope of metaphysics by examining what reason can know independently of experience. He introduces groundbreaking ideas about space, time, and knowledge, challenging both rationalist and empiricist traditions. The central question: How can we have knowledge that is both necessary and adds to our understanding? This inquiry would reshape Western philosophy.
Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Immanuel Kant
"Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Immanuel Kant" by Immanuel Kant is a comprehensive collection of philosophical writings from one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy, belonging to the late 18th century. The book includes notable works such as "The Critique of Pure Reason," "The Critique of Practical Reason," and "Critique of Judgment," among others, which explore fundamental questions regarding knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics. This index serves as a guide for readers who wish to engage with Kant's extensive body of work that addresses the nature of human understanding, morality, and the principles of political peace. The contents reveal a broad spectrum of Kant's philosophical inquiries, starting from epistemology in "The Critique of Pure Reason," where he examines the limits of human knowledge and understanding, through to moral philosophy in "The Critique of Practical Reason," which delineates the foundations of ethics based on autonomy and rationality. Kant's exploration of aesthetics and teleology is also significant, particularly in "Critique of Judgment," where he probes the relationship between beauty and morality. Additionally, his work "Perpetual Peace" presents a vision of political harmony and ethical governance. Overall, this compilation serves as a critical entry point into Kant's philosophy, essential for anyone interested in modern philosophical thought.
Kant's gesammelte Schriften. Band V. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft.
"Kant's gesammelte Schriften. Band V. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1788. This second major critique examines how pure reason determines moral action through the Categorical Imperative. Kant rejects traditional moral foundations based on feeling or divine will, arguing instead that morality stems from reason itself. The work explores fundamental questions of ethics, freedom, and the nature of good and evil, establishing principles for moral judgment accessible to all.
Zum ewigen Frieden: Ein philosophischer Entwurf
"Zum ewigen Frieden: Ein philosophischer Entwurf" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1795. Structured as a peace treaty, it applies Kant's moral philosophy to politics, exploring whether lasting peace between states is possible. The text presents preliminary articles outlining necessary conditions and definitive articles establishing a legal framework. Kant argues peace is not natural but must be actively established through reason-guided principles, with human rights taking precedence over state interests in a cosmopolitan legal system.
The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics
"The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the late 18th century. This work falls under the category of ethical philosophy and delves into the intricate principles of moral duty and virtue. Through a systematic exploration, Kant seeks to establish a comprehensive framework for understanding ethical obligations that arise from pure reason, independent of subjective feelings or external conditions. In the text, Kant argues that genuine moral action stem from the awareness of duty guided by rational principles, rather than mere emotional inclinations. He emphasizes the importance of the "categorical imperative," a central ethical tenet that dictates one must act according to maxims that can be universally applied. This principle elevates ethical considerations above the pursuit of happiness, urging individuals to cultivate their moral capacities while promoting the welfare of others. Kant distinguishes between duties of virtue—such as self-perfection and the well-being of others—and legal duties, framing ethics as a domain of self-constraint and rational will, emphasizing that moral freedom lies in the ability to act according to duty rather than inclination.
Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Erste Fassung 1781)
"Kritik der reinen Vernunft" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1781. Kant seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics by examining reason itself. He challenges both empiricist and rationalist traditions, introducing revolutionary ideas about space, time, and knowledge. The central question: How can we possess knowledge that is both independent of experience and adds something new to our understanding? This groundbreaking work sparked controversy and fundamentally shaped Western philosophy.
Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?
"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?" by Immanuel Kant is an essay published in 1784. Responding to a provocative question posed in a Berlin journal, Kant provides his classic definition of enlightenment and challenges humanity to escape self-imposed immaturity. He argues that people must dare to think independently, free from the comfortable guidance of others. Through his famous motto "Sapere aude!"—dare to know—Kant explores why laziness and fear keep most people intellectually dependent, and what conditions might enable true public enlightenment.
Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft Text der Ausgabe 1793, mit Beifügung der Abweichungen der Ausgabe 1794
"Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published between 1793 and 1794. Kant develops a religion based purely on reason, examining whether humans are naturally good or evil. He explores the "radical evil" within every person and presents Christ as a symbol of moral perfection. The work outlines how humanity might progress toward moral completeness through reason rather than revelation, introducing the concept of an "ethical commonwealth" and distinguishing between visible and invisible churches.
Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen
"Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1764. Kant explores two kinds of refined human feelings: the beautiful and the sublime. He examines how mountain peaks inspire awe while flower beds bring gentle pleasure, and investigates how these aesthetic experiences relate to virtue, human temperament, and moral character. Through detailed observations, Kant attempts to understand what these feelings reveal about human nature itself.
Träume eines Geistersehers, erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik
"Träume eines Geistersehers, erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the mid-18th century. The work explores the concept of spirits and the metaphysical implications surrounding the belief in their existence. Kant delves into the nature of spirits, examining how they can be understood through philosophical inquiry, often challenging common beliefs and interpretations. At the start of this philosophical examination, the author reflects on the prevalence of ghost stories and the varying degrees of belief in spirits. He introduces the complexities of defining what a "spirit" is, suggesting that many misunderstandings stem from ambiguous language and concepts. Kant emphasizes the need for a rigorous philosophical approach to evaluate the evidence and implications of ghostly encounters. Within this framework, he navigates through the interplay of belief, skepticism, and metaphysical curiosity, setting the stage for a deeper investigation into the mind's perception of spirit-related phenomena.
Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?
"Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the late 18th century. This work delves into the nature of human reasoning, exploring how we orient ourselves in thought—particularly when navigating concepts that extend beyond empirical experience. Kant addresses the limitations and capabilities of human reason, especially in the context of moral and metaphysical inquiries. In this text, Kant emphasizes the importance of "orienting" oneself within various realms of knowledge, particularly when direct experience is absent. He discusses how our understanding is often governed by subjective principles and the intrinsic need for coherence in our reasoning. Kant argues that while theoretical pursuits may stem from a need to explain the universe, practical reason compels us to consider the existence of a higher moral authority, such as God, as foundational to ethical living. Ultimately, the work serves as a guide for how one can responsibly navigate philosophical inquiries, balancing speculative thought with the rigor of moral imperatives, and highlighting the necessity of a sound framework for belief that aligns with human reason.
Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books From: Essays and Treaties on Moral, Political and various Philosophical Subjects
"Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the late 18th century. This essay explores the ethical and legal implications of counterfeiting books, arguing against the practice and emphasizing the moral rights of authors and editors in relation to their published works. Kant investigates how the publication of a book constitutes a unique form of business that requires the author’s express consent, distinguishing it from other commodities. In this work, Kant presents a structured argument to defend the position that counterfeiting is inherently wrong, asserting that a counterfeiter intrudes upon the rightful business of another without any legal or moral justification. He discusses the nature of authorship and the editor’s role, stating that when an editor publishes a work, he does so in the name of the author and, as such, owes a responsibility to protect that author’s rights. Kant further argues that the ownership of a copy does not grant the purchaser the right to publish or reproduce the work, thereby elucidating the distinct legal rights associated with authorship versus ownership of physical copies. He concludes by advocating for a formal legal protection of authors against counterfeiters, suggesting that clarity in copyright law would support the just interests of authors and editors alike.
Kant prolegomenái minden leendő metafizikához
"Kant prolegomenái minden leendő metafizikához" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1783. Written as a more accessible companion to his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant summarizes his revolutionary conclusions about metaphysics and human knowledge. Disappointed by the poor reception of his earlier work, he emphasizes why his critical project matters for establishing metaphysics as a legitimate science. Through an analytical approach, Kant investigates whether metaphysics is even possible, exploring how pure mathematics and natural science arise from reason itself rather than experience alone.
Von der Macht des Gemüts, durch den bloßen Vorsatz seiner krankhaften Gefühle Meister zu sein
"Von der Macht des Gemüts, durch den bloßen Vorsatz seiner krankhaften Gefühle Meister zu sein" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical treatise written in the late 18th century. This work combines elements of philosophy and medicine, exploring the influence of the mind over bodily health and illness. It delves into the complex relationship between mental states and physical well-being, arguing for the power of intention and mental discipline in overcoming unhealthy conditions. In this text, Kant discusses how the human mind can exert a considerable influence over bodily ailments, suggesting that psychological factors often play a crucial role in both the development and healing of physical illnesses. He elaborates on various types of mental states that can manifest as physical symptoms, such as hypochondria, while advocating for a proactive approach to managing one’s health through the harnessing of mental strength and willpower. The book presents a series of observations and recommendations, blending personal anecdotes and philosophical reflections, highlighting the importance of mental attitudes in achieving overall health and well-being.
Kant-breviarium: Kant világnézete és életfelfogása
"Kant-breviarium: Kant világnézete és életfelfogása" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical compilation written in the early 20th century. The work serves as a collection of excerpts and summaries from Kant's writings, focusing on his worldview and life philosophy, making it accessible to educated readers. The central topic of the book revolves around the fundamental principles of Kant's philosophy, exploring concepts of knowledge, ethics, and metaphysics. The opening of the text introduces readers to the author’s philosophical journey, reflecting on his admiration for Kant as a figure who inspires independent thought and critical inquiry. It highlights Kant's critical approach to traditional metaphysical thinking, emphasizing the importance of empirical knowledge while acknowledging the limitations of human understanding. The text calls for a reflection on the interplay between reason and experience, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of Kant's philosophical contributions to various fields such as ethics, knowledge, and the understanding of the natural world.
Ikuiseen rauhaan: Valtio-oikeudellinen tutkielma
"Ikuiseen rauhaan: Valtio-oikeudellinen tutkielma" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical essay published in 1795. Kant presents a systematic peace program for governments, outlining preliminary steps nations should take immediately and three definitive articles to establish lasting peace. His vision includes republican governments, a federation of free states, and universal hospitality. Rather than a world government, he advocates for a league of independent republics. This influential work shaped modern theories connecting democracy, commerce, and international institutions to peace.
Über die Vulkane im Monde
"Über die Vulkane im Monde" by Immanuel Kant is a scientific publication written in the late 18th century. This work explores the nature and origin of the craters on the lunar surface, engaging with observations made by astronomers such as Sir William Herschel. The book presents Kant's analysis and theoretical perspectives on whether these lunar formations can be classified as volcanic in origin, drawing comparisons with geological structures on Earth. In the essay, Kant discusses the implications of Herschel's discovery of a volcano on the Moon and evaluates various hypotheses about the formation of lunar craters. He argues against the notion that these features are necessarily volcanic, suggesting that they may instead resemble other geological formations observed on Earth. By examining the size, shape, and context of these craters, Kant proposes a broader cosmological framework for understanding how celestial bodies, including the Moon, may have formed similarly to the Earth. Ultimately, he delves into the relationship between geological processes on the Earth and the Moon, aiming to contribute to a deeper understanding of planetary formation in the cosmos.