Author
Alfred Russel Wallace
1823-1913
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) is a public-domain author available on Rivro. Read free books, explore subjects, and discover related classics.
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Books by Alfred Russel Wallace
The Malay Archipelago, Volume 1 The Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise; A Narrative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature
"The Malay Archipelago, Volume 1" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a travel narrative published in 1869. It chronicles Wallace's eight-year scientific exploration from 1854 to 1862 across Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and New Guinea. Wallace documented the physical geography, volcanoes, wildlife, and peoples of each island while collecting over 125,000 specimens. The work describes his travels across 14,000 miles, revealing biogeographic patterns that would establish the famous Wallace line dividing Asian and Australian fauna.
Island Life; Or, The Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras
"Island Life; Or, The Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This work explores the intricate relationship between islands and their unique ecosystems, delving into the phenomena that govern the distribution and development of plant and animal life in insular environments. Wallace aims to understand the contrasts in fauna and flora across different islands, providing insights into ecological and evolutionary principles. The opening of the book introduces readers to the striking contrasts in animal distribution between various geographical regions, using specific examples like the similarities between British and Japanese wildlife compared to the differences between Australia and New Zealand. Wallace emphasizes that proximity does not dictate similarity in species, as evidenced by closely located islands in the Malay Archipelago having vastly different faunas. He sets the stage for discussing the complexity surrounding the biological distribution of organisms, outlining the scope of the work, which will include studies on the evolutionary past, geological changes, climate impacts, and species dispersal methods.
Darwinism (1889) An exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications
"Darwinism (1889)" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a book published in 1889. Written as a defense against critics of natural selection, this work presents Wallace's understanding of evolution across fifteen chapters. From defining species and explaining the struggle for existence to examining animal coloration, mimicry, and geographical distribution, Wallace builds a comprehensive case for natural selection. Notably, he rejects Darwin's sexual selection theory and advocates for what contemporaries called "pure Darwinism," emphasizing natural selection's primary role in evolution.
The Malay Archipelago, Volume 2 The Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise; A Narrative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature
"The Malay Archipelago, Volume 2" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a travel narrative published in 1869. This volume continues Wallace's eight-year scientific exploration of Southeast Asian islands, documenting his encounters with exotic wildlife, diverse peoples, and remote landscapes. He describes volcanoes, collects thousands of specimens, and observes biogeographic patterns that would influence evolutionary theory. Through vivid accounts of difficult journeys and cultural encounters, Wallace reveals a region largely unknown to Western readers, combining natural history with personal adventure across 14,000 miles of island-hopping discovery.
Travels on the Amazon
"Travels on the Amazon" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific travelogue written in the mid-19th century. The narrative details Wallace's adventurous journey through the Amazon region, focusing on the natural history, geography, and diverse cultures he encounters. It aims to provide a vivid portrayal of both the splendor and complexities of this largely unexplored area of South America through Wallace’s observations and experiences. At the start of the narrative, Wallace recounts his arrival in the bustling city of Pará, where he is struck by the city's unique blend of cultures and its surrounding lush tropical environment. He describes the vibrancy of the local life, including the city's architecture and the variety of people inhabiting it. As he begins to explore further into the Amazon, he reveals his initial disappointment at not finding the exotic wonders he had imagined, only to later realize that the region's charm unfolds gradually with deeper exploration into its natural and cultural landscapes. The narrative beautifully captures his evolving understanding of the Amazon's ecology, biodiversity, and the daily life of its inhabitants, setting the stage for further discoveries throughout his travels.
The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 1 With a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface
"The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 1" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The book explores the distribution of land animals across various regions of the Earth, examining both living and extinct fauna to shed light on historical geological changes. Wallace's work aims to provide a systematic understanding of zoological geography and the principles that govern the geographical dispersion of species. The opening of the volume sets the stage for a comprehensive investigation of animal distribution. Wallace discusses the necessity of understanding the relationship between the physical characteristics of different regions and their associated animal populations. He outlines the factors that influence distribution, such as climate, vegetation, and geography, and introduces key concepts like "stations" (local areas) and "habitats" (larger geographical zones). Furthermore, he emphasizes the importance of previous geological events and how they have shaped the current distribution patterns, providing a foundation for the detailed analysis that will follow in the subsequent chapters. The preface serves both to contextualize his project and to express gratitude to those who aided in its completion.
Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1
"Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1" by James Marchant is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This volume compiles a selection of letters and anecdotes from the life of Alfred Russel Wallace, shedding light on his pioneering contributions to the theory of Natural Selection in collaboration with Charles Darwin. The book provides insights into Wallace's thoughts and experiences from his early years through significant scientific developments." The opening of this work introduces readers to the background of Alfred Russel Wallace, emphasizing his pivotal role in the foundation of evolutionary theory alongside Darwin. Through Marchant's detailed preface, we learn that the correspondence spans from the dawn of Darwinism to the early 20th century, enriching the narrative with personal anecdotes and reflections that highlight Wallace's character and intellect. The introduction sets the stage for exploring Wallace's early life, his relationship with Darwin, and the broader context of his scientific endeavors, inviting readers to delve into the unique experiences that shaped this influential figure in natural history.
Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2
"Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2" by James Marchant is a collection of letters and personal reflections written during the late 19th to early 20th century. This work offers insights into the life and thoughts of Alfred Russel Wallace, co-discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection, and details his correspondence with other prominent figures in science, including Charles Darwin. The collection primarily explores Wallace's scientific endeavors, personal correspondences, and broader views on biology and natural phenomena. The opening of this volume sets the stage by introducing Wallace's significant contributions to biological sciences, particularly his work on geographical distribution and natural selection. It reflects on his productive exchanges with contemporaries like Darwin and details the evolution of their ideas and respective projects. This section emphasizes Wallace's unique position in the scientific community, showcasing his dedication to science alongside complex social and philosophical reflections. As readers delve into the collection, they witness a vivid portrait of a pivotal figure in natural history and the camaraderie and intellectual debates that shaped modern evolutionary thought.
The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2 With a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface
"The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This volume continues the exploration of zoological geography, focusing on various animal forms and their distribution across different regions, particularly examining relations between living and extinct faunas and their implications for understanding the past changes of Earth's surface. The opening of this volume delves into the Neotropical region, which includes South America, Tropical North America, and the Antilles. Wallace introduces the unique zoological features of the region, highlighting its richness and diversity of species, alongside a notable uniformity of animal life across its expansive tropical areas. He categorizes the region's fauna and discusses sub-regions characterized by specific mammalian and avian species, while also noting the geographical and environmental factors that have shaped these distributions over time.
A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, : $b with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon valley
"A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro" by Alfred R. Wallace is a historical account written in the mid-19th century. The work documents Wallace's explorations of the Amazon River and its tributaries, providing insights into the diverse native tribes and the region's climate, geology, and natural history. It serves as a comprehensive record of the author's journeys and observations in a largely uncharted part of the world during an era of significant scientific inquiry and exploration. The opening of the narrative introduces Wallace's motivations for traveling to the Amazon, inspired by the lush biodiversity and the adventures recounted by earlier explorers. Upon arriving in the city of Pará, he captures striking imagery of the city surrounded by dense vegetation and explores the local customs, inhabitants, and flora and fauna. Throughout this initial section, Wallace reflects on the challenges of adapting to his new environment and the need for patience in unraveling the wonders of the rainforest, emphasizing the complexity and beauty of the region that invites deeper exploration.
Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays
"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This collection comprises a series of essays that explore the principles of natural selection and its implications for the development of species. Wallace's work presents his insights on evolution, largely building on similar themes as those proposed by Charles Darwin, but emphasizes his independent contributions to the theory. The opening of the volume features a preface that outlines the motivations behind Wallace's decision to compile his essays, which span fifteen years of research and publication in various scientific journals. He reflects on his own work's historical context and asserts his claims regarding the theory of natural selection, aiming to clarify misconceptions about his role relative to Darwin's contributions. Wallace discusses essential concepts such as the geographical distribution of species, the tendency of varieties to diverge from original types, and various examples of protective adaptations in nature, establishing a foundation for the essays to follow.
Vaccination a Delusion: Its Penal Enforcement a Crime Proved by the Official Evidence in the Reports of the Royal Commission
"Vaccination a Delusion: Its Penal Enforcement a Crime" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a critical examination of vaccination practices written in the late 19th century. This publication challenges the legitimacy of compulsory vaccination laws by presenting evidence that allegedly proves vaccination to be ineffective and harmful. The author argues for the abolition of these laws, framing the enforcement of vaccination as a violation of personal liberty and a threat to public health. The opening of the work sets a confrontational tone, with Wallace declaring his intention to influence Parliament and urging legislators to scrutinize the "ignorance and incompetence" surrounding the Royal Commission's findings on vaccination. He critiques historical and contemporary statistics related to vaccinations and smallpox infections, asserting that data have been manipulated to support the vaccination agenda. Through a detailed analysis of early medical practices and outcomes, Wallace aims to highlight how the public has been misled regarding the effectiveness of vaccination, suggesting that improved sanitary conditions, not vaccination, should be credited with decreasing disease prevalence.
Tropical nature, and other essays
"Tropical Nature, and Other Essays" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a collection of essays written in the late 19th century. The work explores the characteristics of tropical climates, ecosystems, and the natural phenomena that distinguish tropical regions from temperate ones. Wallace draws on his extensive personal experiences in the tropics to provide insights into the uniqueness of this environment, particularly in terms of its flora and fauna. The opening of this compilation serves as a preface that establishes the theme of the essays, emphasizing the need for a generalized understanding of tropical nature. Wallace discusses the beauty and diversity of the tropical landscape, contrasting it with temperate regions, and introduces the reader to the peculiarities of equatorial climates. He outlines the essays to follow, which will delve into various aspects, including climate, vegetation, and animal life, aiming to separate the essential characteristics of the tropics from the more variable features attributed to geography and local conditions. The structure indicates that each chapter will build upon the foundational observations made in the opening, setting the stage for a detailed exploration of tropical biodiversity and its implications.
Man's Place in the Universe A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds, 3rd Edition
"Man's Place in the Universe" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work explores the implications of scientific research regarding the potential for life beyond Earth, specifically addressing the question of whether our planet is the only abode of organic life in the vast universe. Wallace aims to analyze astronomical, physical, and biological evidence, drawing connections between these fields to understand humankind's unique position within the cosmos. The opening of the book sets a foundation for Wallace's exploration by introducing the historical context of humanity's thoughts on the universe and our place within it. He reflects on early astronomical ideas, notably those held by ancient civilizations, who viewed Earth as the central hub of existence and the heavenly bodies as subordinate to it. Gradually, Wallace ushers readers into modern astronomical perspectives, highlighting the shift in understanding that arose following the discoveries of renowned scientists like Copernicus and Kepler. He emphasizes the rarity of concrete evidence supporting the existence of life on other planets, positing instead that the conditions necessary for life are likely unique to Earth. This opening serves as a prelude to a comprehensive discourse that seeks to systematically evaluate existing theories and build a case for the possibility that Earth is singular in its capacity for supporting life.
A defence of modern spiritualism
"“A Defence of Modern Spiritualism” by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century." The work explores the evidence and arguments supporting modern spiritualism, a movement that emerged in the mid-19th century, advocating for the reality of spiritual phenomena in the context of scientific inquiry. The book aims to address skepticism surrounding spiritualism, asserting that its claims merit serious investigation and engagement from the scientific community. "The opening of the book begins with a preface that sets a tone of scholarly seriousness regarding the subject of modern spiritualism." Wallace introduces the reader to the ongoing conflicts between materialistic science and the phenomena of spiritualism, which are often dismissed as nonsense. He outlines the importance of examining spiritualist claims through meticulous investigation rather than preconceived biases, emphasizing that both established facts and transcendent spiritual realities should be taken into account. The text mentions notable scientists who support spiritualist claims, asserting that genuine inquiry into these phenomena could deepen human understanding of nature and spirituality.
Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Singapore and Malacca
"Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects Collected at Singapore and Malacca by Wallace" by Francis Walker is a scientific publication written in the mid-19th century. This work documents the various species of dipterous insects discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace during his research in Singapore and Malacca. The publication not only catalogs these insects but also provides detailed descriptions of new species found in the region, contributing to the scientific understanding of fauna in Southeast Asia. The opening of the book provides a context for Wallace's entomological work as he transitions from his studies in South America to the East Indian Islands. It outlines the scientific aims of gathering these specimens and emphasizes the role of Wallace's collections in understanding the geographical distribution of dipterous insects in this biodiverse region. The text introduces William Wilson Saunders, who presents Walker's detailed observations and newly identified species, setting the stage for an extensive catalog that will aid future entomological research.
Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation
"Is Mars Habitable?" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's theories on the habitability of Mars, written in the early 20th century. The work critically addresses the claims made in Lowell's book, "Mars and Its Canals," particularly the idea that Mars may support intelligent life due to its supposed irrigation canals. Wallace presents scientific evidence and arguments that refute the notion of Mars as a habitable planet, focusing on its harsh climatic conditions and lack of substantial water sources. At the start of the book, Wallace details his motivations for challenging Lowell's theories, emphasizing the necessity of addressing the claims made in Lowell's recent mathematical publication. He reviews historical observations of Mars to establish a foundation for the discourse. Wallace outlines early astronomers' findings, including Schiaparelli's detection of the "canals" and subsequent assertions that they might be tools of an intelligent civilization. The opening chapters establish the groundwork for a thorough critique of Lowell's conclusions about Martian climate, geography, and potential for life, setting the stage for a scientific exploration of the realities of Mars, in contrast to the romanticized theories suggesting its habitability.
Palm trees of the Amazon and their uses
"Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the mid-19th century. This work focuses on the diverse species of palm trees found in the Amazon region and their various applications in local cultures. The book presents detailed observations on palm plants gathered during Wallace's travels through the Amazon and its tributaries, providing valuable insights into both botanical characteristics and indigenous uses. The opening of the work begins with a preface in which Wallace describes his fascination with the Amazon's rich vegetation, particularly the beauty and variety of the palm species he encountered. He notes the difficulty in distinguishing between different species based on external characteristics and outlines his methods of observation, which included creating accurate sketches. Wallace emphasizes the significance of palms in the lives of local indigenous populations, citing their essential roles in daily needs, from construction materials to food sources. Overall, the introduction sets the stage for a detailed exploration of the palms, their botanical features, and cultural relevance throughout the text.
Social Environment and Moral Progress
"Social Environment and Moral Progress" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. The work explores the complex relationship between morality and the social environment, delving into how morality has evolved and what influences it. The author emphasizes that moral progress is contingent upon the social context in which individuals operate, questioning the inherent understanding of right and wrong across different cultures and epochs. The opening of the text introduces the concept of moral progress, urging readers to consider that standards of morality shift significantly over time and between societies. Wallace critiques the notion that moral understanding is instinctual, pointing out that moral values often reflect societal conventions rather than universally inherent truths. He systematically lays out the groundwork for examining morality's historical foundations, illustrating his argument with historical examples, such as the shifting perceptions surrounding slavery. This sets the tone for a thorough exploration of how humanity’s moral framework is shaped by social conditions, the historical context of these morals, and the need for a careful selection process to foster moral improvement.
The Remedy for Unemployment
"The Remedy for Unemployment" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a socio-economic pamphlet written in the early 20th century. The book addresses the pressing issue of chronic unemployment and starvation in society, advocating for fundamental changes in how labor and resources are utilized. Wallace argues for the adoption of socialist principles, particularly that production should prioritize use over profit and that all workers should receive wages equivalent to the full product of their labor. In this pamphlet, Wallace critiques existing governmental approaches to unemployment, asserting that they are inadequate and disorganized. He proposes a comprehensive national plan focusing on establishing cooperative communities where the unemployed can work together to produce their basic needs, thereby gaining both economic stability and a sense of community. He cites historical examples that demonstrate the potential success of cooperative systems and emphasizes the need for well-organized and sympathetic management to help cultivate self-sufficient and harmonious communities. Overall, Wallace's vision aims for a more just and equitable society through collaborative effort and self-organization among workers.
On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan region
"On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution as Illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region" by Alfred R. Wallace is a scientific publication written in the mid-19th century. The work delves into the study of butterflies, specifically the Papilionidæ family, emphasizing their variation, distribution, and the ecological factors influencing these phenomena. It is a detailed examination rooted in natural history, offering insights into the complexities of species and their adaptations. At the start of the text, Wallace presents an overview of the significance of studying variations and geographical distribution among butterflies, particularly focusing on the intricacies of the Papilionidæ family. He describes the unique beauty and diversity of these butterflies and how they serve as examples for studying biological variations and environmental influences. Notably, he discusses specific characteristics of their wings that aid in understanding variations, such as their coloration and structure, and he introduces various classifications of these butterflies based on their anatomical features and distribution across the Malayan region, setting the stage for a thorough exploration of this captivating group of insects.
Uit den Indischen Archipel De Aarde en haar volken, Jaargang 1875
"Uit den Indischen Archipel" by Alfred Russel Wallace is a travelogue that explores the natural history and cultures of the Indonesian Archipelago, likely written in the mid-19th century. The text delves into the specific region of Timor, discussing its geography, colonial influences, and the varying ethnicities and customs of its inhabitants. It is especially focused on Wallace's observations as a naturalist, offering insights into the flora and fauna of the islands. At the start of the work, Wallace describes the island of Timor, emphasizing its volcanic nature and colonial divisions between Portugal and the Netherlands. He paints a vivid picture of the capital, Koepang, and its ethnically diverse population, highlighting the differences between the Native Timorese and Malays. As he begins his exploration, Wallace expresses his desire to study the rich avian biodiversity on the island of Semao but finds that the local environment is not wholly conducive to his efforts. His initial journey is marked by logistical challenges and dangers as he navigates both the land and complexities surrounding the local culture.