The Scientific Basis of Morals, and Other Essays
 Viz.: Right and Wrong, The Ethics of Belief, The Ethics of Religion

by William Kingdon Clifford

"The Scientific Basis of Morals, and Other Essays" by William Kingdon Clifford is a philosophical treatise written in the late 19th century. This work delves into the foundations of ethics, aiming to establish a moral framework based on scientific reasoning and human experience rather than simply adhering to traditional or religious doctrines. The essays explore how moral principles derive from social functions, the importance of community in defining right and wrong, and the relationship between conscience and responsibility. The opening of the treatise introduces the concept of "Morals or Ethic" as a response to human experiences of pleasure and displeasure associated with certain actions. Clifford outlines that the moral sense, which guides individuals in determining what actions are right or wrong, is shaped by both personal experience and the collective ethical codes of societies. He emphasizes that moral maxims should be rooted in scientific principles, suggesting that ethical guidelines evolve through natural selection as communities strive for survival. Additionally, he opens a discussion about the nature of the self, distinguishing between individual desires and a broader ‘tribal self,’ ultimately arguing that individual morals should align with the well-being of the community.