Curated shelf
Anthropology
Browse Anthropology as a public-domain reading list on Rivro, with free classics, authors, subjects, and related books.
The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion
James George Frazer
The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion
"The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion" by James George Frazer is a comparative study first published in 1890. Frazer explores mythology and religion across cultures, examining fertility rites, human sacrifice, dying gods, and sacred kingship. His controversial thesis traces humanity's intellectual evolution from magic through religion to science, centered on ancient fertility cults and seasonal rituals. Drawing from the priest-kings of Lake Nemi to global mythologies, this sweeping work scandalized Victorian Britain and profoundly influenced twentieth-century literature and thought.
The Witch-cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology
Margaret Alice Murray
The Witch-cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology
"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology" by Margaret Alice Murray is an anthropological study published in 1921. Murray presents a controversial theory: that European witch trials targeted practitioners of an ancient, secret pagan religion worshiping a horned god, not deluded or innocent victims. She argues this pre-Christian fertility cult survived underground for centuries, organized into disciplined covens, until Christianity launched its persecution during the Reformation. Drawing on witch trial records and James Frazer's work, Murray reinterprets confessions as evidence of genuine religious practices rather than fantasy or heresy.
The Evolution of Man
Ernst Haeckel
The Evolution of Man
"The Evolution of Man" by Ernst Haeckel is a popular scientific study written in the late 19th century. The book explores the development and origins of humans through the lenses of embryology (ontogeny) and evolutionary biology (phylogeny). It serves as an introduction to Haeckel's theories and insights on human evolution, contributing significantly to the fields of biology and anthropology. In this comprehensive work, Haeckel delves into the stages of human development, starting from embryonic formation and tracing the evolutionary history that connects humans with other species. He discusses the anatomical, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of humanity by comparing human embryos with those of other creatures, illustrating the similarities and differences that highlight the concept of common descent. The book includes extensive illustrations and aims to present complex ideas in a more accessible manner for the general public, ultimately fostering a better understanding of human origins and the evolutionary processes that shaped them.
Influences of Geographic Environment On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography
Ellen Churchill Semple
Influences of Geographic Environment On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography
"Influences of Geographic Environment" by Ellen Churchill Semple is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. This work aims to adapt and simplify the complex principles of anthropo-geography originally articulated by Friedrich Ratzel, making them accessible to English-speaking audiences. It explores how geographic factors shape human behavior, culture, and history, emphasizing the critical interplay between environment and societal development. At the start of the publication, Semple discusses the foundational concepts of anthropo-geography, highlighting the significant influence geographic conditions have on human life. She argues that humans cannot be separated from their environment, as geographic features such as mountains, rivers, and climate patterns persistently affect societal development, cultural practices, and historical events. The opening establishes the necessity for a nuanced understanding of this relationship, noting how geographic factors not only shape human existence but also how historical patterns tend to repeat themselves due to these enduring effects.
The Prehistoric World; Or, Vanished Races
Emory Adams Allen
The Prehistoric World; Or, Vanished Races
"The Prehistoric World; Or, Vanished Races" by Emory Adams Allen is a scientific publication written during the late 19th century. This work aims to explore and explain the life and times of prehistoric humanity as inferred from archaeological evidence, covering both the Old and New Worlds and considering various ancient civilizations, including those in Mexico and the Pacific Isles. At the start of the book, the author introduces the complexities and mysteries surrounding the study of prehistoric man, discussing the limitations of historical records and the importance of gathering evidence from archaeological findings to understand humanity’s distant past. Allen emphasizes the necessity of scientific inquiry and methodology in reconstructing history while advocating for a more comprehensive understanding of man's long existence on Earth, marked by gradual advancements in culture and civilization. He reviews the geological epochs correspondingly, linking them to the development of life on Earth and setting the stage for an in-depth examination of prehistoric societies that once thrived across the globe.
Balder the Beautiful, Volume I. A Study in Magic and Religion: the Golden Bough, Part VII., The Fire-Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the External Soul
James George Frazer
Balder the Beautiful, Volume I. A Study in Magic and Religion: the Golden Bough, Part VII., The Fire-Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the External Soul
"Balder the Beautiful, Volume I" by James George Frazer is a scholarly study on mythology and anthropology written in the early 20th century. The work examines the myth of Balder, the Norse god, and its associations with fire-festivals and the concept of the external soul in various cultures. Frazer provides an extensive inquiry into ancient rituals, drawing parallels between different mythological traditions and their symbolic meanings. The opening of the volume serves as a preface to the broader inquiry that follows. Frazer presents a foundational question regarding the priest of Aricia and his connection to the Golden Bough, linking it to the Norse god Balder, who famously meets his demise by mistletoe. He elaborates on the significance of sacred kingship and taboo, detailing various cultural practices, such as restrictions placed on divine beings and the symbolic importance of fire in rituals aimed at purification or renewal. The text sets the stage for a detailed exploration of ancient customs and beliefs that reflect humanity's evolving thought processes.
The Journal of Negro History, Volume 1, January 1916
Various
The Journal of Negro History, Volume 1, January 1916
"The Journal of Negro History, Volume 1, January 1916" edited by Carter G. Woodson is a historical account published in the early 20th century. This volume serves as the inaugural edition of a scholarly journal that focuses on African American history and contributions, highlighting various aspects of Negro life, culture, and experiences, particularly in the United States prior to the Civil War. The opening of this journal introduces multiple essays that explore the history and impact of African Americans in different regions, particularly focusing on Cincinnati, Ohio. It sets the foundation by outlining the historical context regarding the struggles and achievements of Black individuals before the Civil War, covering the social, legal, and economic challenges they faced, as well as their resilience and community contributions. Throughout the essays, the narrative weaves together personal stories, societal analysis, and an overview of significant events and figures that shaped the history of African Americans, providing a rich tapestry of their experience in a largely hostile environment.
Evolution Of The Japanese, Social And Psychic
Sidney Lewis Gulick
Evolution Of The Japanese, Social And Psychic
"Evolution Of The Japanese, Social And Psychic" by Sidney Lewis Gulick is a sociological study written during the late 19th century. The work aims to interpret and analyze the characteristics of modern Japan against the backdrop of social science, exploring how the Japanese have transformed under the influences of both their historical context and Western civilization. Gulick's thesis challenges the notion of fixed racial characteristics, suggesting that the evolution of national identity and character is rather sociological and subject to change. The opening of the book introduces the author's motivation behind the work, emphasizing the uniqueness of Japan's rapid transformation from a secluded society to a modern nation. It explores the historical context of Japan's evolution, its interactions with neighboring countries, especially China, and the influences of Western ideals after the arrival of foreign powers. Gulick notes that Japan's progress is not merely a superficial adoption of Western practices but is rooted in a deep social evolution and internal character development. He raises critical questions about the transformative processes and aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Japan's identity through the lens of social evolution rather than fixed racial traits.
History of the Conquest of Peru With a Preliminary View of the Civilization of the Incas
William Hickling Prescott
History of the Conquest of Peru With a Preliminary View of the Civilization of the Incas
"History of the Conquest of Peru" by William Hickling Prescott is a historical account written in the mid-19th century. The work examines the events surrounding the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, discussing both the indigenous civilization of the Incas and the subsequent turmoil among the Spanish conquerors following the fall of their empire. The beginning of this volume sets the stage by delving into the rich cultural and political landscape of the Incan civilization at its height, emphasizing its achievements in governance and industry despite the geographical challenges posed by the Andean mountains. Prescott introduces significant figures and explores the historical context, detailing how the Incas united various tribes under a complex, centralized system. Moreover, he highlights the author's deep reliance on primary sources, showcasing Prescott's aim to create a nuanced narrative that respects the intricacies of Incan society while recounting the conquests that ultimately led to their downfall.
Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting of the Navajo Indians
James Stevenson
Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting of the Navajo Indians
"Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting of the Navajo Indians" by James Stevenson is a detailed account of Navajo ceremonial practices, likely written in the late 19th century. The work meticulously documents a nine-day healing ceremony attended by Navajo community members, emphasizing the cultural significance of sand painting and its role in spiritual healing. It highlights rituals, mythologies, and the elaborate performance involving the impersonation of ritual deities, which serves both a healing purpose and a means of cultural expression." "The opening of the work introduces the author’s firsthand experience at a Navajo healing ceremony he witnessed in 1885. It sets the stage for the nine-day event held on a plateau near Keam's Canyon, where around 1,200 Navajos gathered, illustrating the vibrant rituals that included gambling, races, and the main purpose of healing a prominent member of the tribe. Stevenson provides context about the roles of various participants, including the theurgist, who performed healing rituals through intricate symbolism, such as sand paintings and sacred offerings. Through his descriptions, the author emphasizes the deep spirituality and community ties woven into these ceremonies, reflecting the rich tapestry of Navajo culture."
The North American Indian, Vol. 1
Edward S. Curtis
The North American Indian, Vol. 1
"The North American Indian, Vol. 1" by Edward S. Curtis is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This volume is part of a comprehensive series that depicts and describes the Indigenous peoples of the United States and Alaska. The work is characterized by its detailed field research, photography, and the vivid portrayal of the cultural practices, beliefs, and environments of various tribes, particularly the Apache and Navaho. At the start of this volume, Edward S. Curtis introduces his mission to document the rapidly vanishing cultures of Native Americans, highlighting the deep connection between the tribes and their natural environments. He describes the extensive fieldwork undertaken to gain the trust of Apache communities and collect their myths, rituals, and customs. Curtis emphasizes the artistic and spiritual dimensions of Indian life, sharing insights into their creation myths and ceremonial practices while reflecting on the impending loss of these cultures due to modernization and colonization. The opening sets a powerful tone for the exploration of Apache beliefs, their social structures, and everyday lives through the lenses of both photography and in-depth narrative.
Pygmies & Papuans: The Stone Age To-day in Dutch New Guinea
A. F. R. (Alexander Frederick Richmond) Wollaston
Pygmies & Papuans: The Stone Age To-day in Dutch New Guinea
"Pygmies & Papuans: The Stone Age To-day in Dutch New Guinea" by A. F. R. Wollaston is a scientific account written in the early 20th century. The book documents a Dutch New Guinea expedition aimed at exploring the region primarily from an ornithological perspective, focusing on its indigenous inhabitants, the Papuans and Pygmies. It provides insight into the primitive lifestyle of these groups, the challenges faced during the journey, and the ecological richness of New Guinea. At the start of the text, the author discusses the expedition’s origins and preparations, highlighting the contributions of various individuals and the organizational efforts of the British Ornithologists' Union. After outlining the trip’s logistical aspects, including travel from Java and the anticipated challenges of navigating Dutch New Guinea's territory, Wollaston reflects on the local environment and diversity encountered, foreshadowing the complex interactions that would occur upon reaching their destination, particularly with the indigenous communities. The tone portrays an intriguing mix of adventure and scientific inquiry, setting the stage for the unfolding exploration narrative.
The Pagan Tribes of Borneo A Description of Their Physical Moral and Intellectual Condition, with Some Discussion of Their Ethnic Relations
Charles Hose
The Pagan Tribes of Borneo A Description of Their Physical Moral and Intellectual Condition, with Some Discussion of Their Ethnic Relations
"The Pagan Tribes of Borneo" by Charles Hose and William McDougall is an ethnographic study written during the early 20th century. This work aims to provide an in-depth examination of the various pagan tribes of Borneo, capturing their physical, moral, and intellectual conditions as they existed at the close of the 19th century. The book offers unique insights into the lives, customs, and beliefs of these tribes, supported by the authors’ direct observations and interactions over many years. The opening of the book serves as a preface where the authors outline their motivations for documenting the diverse pagan tribes of Borneo, emphasizing the importance of firsthand experiences over secondary accounts. One of the authors, Hose, reveals his extensive tenure as a civil officer in the region, underscoring the wealth of knowledge he has accumulated during his time there. The text captures the collaborative effort between Hose and McDougall in compiling this work, with a clear focus on the significance of their anthropological field research. This introduction effectively sets the stage for a detailed exploration of the geography, culture, and everyday life of the tribes in the subsequent chapters.
The Mafulu: Mountain People of British New Guinea
Robert Wood Williamson
The Mafulu: Mountain People of British New Guinea
"The Mafulu: Mountain People of British New Guinea" by Robert W. Williamson is an ethnographic account written in the early 20th century. This work documents the author's expedition to the remote Mafulu villages in British New Guinea, focusing on the lives, customs, and physical characteristics of the Mafulu people, a group with little prior contact with Westerners. The text seeks to fill a gap in ethnological knowledge about this unique cultural group and their practices." "The opening of this exploration sets the stage for an in-depth investigation of the Mafulu people, detailing the author's journey through various regions before reaching the Mafulu district. Williamson notes the rarity of white visitors to the area, which includes interactions with local missionaries who provide insights into the community. The author acknowledges the challenges within his fieldwork, including language barriers and the community's unfamiliarity with systematic inquiries, which add complexity to his ethnographic research. The preface and introduction highlight both the author's personal journey and the significant cultural exploration that will ensue in the chapters ahead."
The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 1 (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia
James George Frazer
The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 1 (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia
"The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 1" by J. G. Frazer is a scholarly treatise on anthropology and religious studies written in the early 20th century. This first volume focuses specifically on the beliefs surrounding immortality and the cult of the dead as observed among aboriginal communities in Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea, and Melanesia. The work delves into the profound influence that these beliefs exert on human life, seeking to elucidate their origins, practices, and cultural meanings. At the start of the text, Frazer outlines the scope and methodology of his lectures, which were originally delivered at St. Andrews. He introduces the historical method of inquiry into religious beliefs, distancing his approach from dogmatic or philosophical discussions. The opening portion lays the groundwork for exploring the concept of immortality, emphasizing the necessity of understanding primitive religious ideas. He discusses how various communities perceive death, the afterlife, and their dead, positing that the worship of spirits is a universal aspect of human culture that has persisted through time. Frazer also highlights the need to study these primitive beliefs as they are rapidly fading in contemporary society, with the aim of preserving knowledge about humanity's shared past.
Ancient Art and Ritual
Jane Ellen Harrison
Ancient Art and Ritual
"Ancient Art and Ritual" by Jane Ellen Harrison is a scholarly examination of the relationship between art and ritual, likely written in the early 20th century. This work investigates how these two seemingly disparate concepts are interconnected and how their roots can provide insights into modern civilization. The book particularly focuses on forms like Greek drama as examples of this relationship, seeking to illuminate the broader implications for understanding art in relation to spirituality and societal practices. The opening of the text sets the stage for this exploration by asserting that art and ritual, while having diverged in contemporary understanding, share a common origin that can be traced back to early human impulses. Harrison introduces her examination with an analysis of Greek theatre during the festival of Dionysos, highlighting the sacred nature of attendance and the theatrical performances as acts of worship. She emphasizes the importance of ritual practices in ancient cultures, using examples from Greek and Egyptian contexts to illustrate how art evolved from these foundational rituals. By positing that the essence of both art and ritual lies in embodied emotional expression, Harrison presents a compelling framework for understanding the historical significance of artistic practices.
Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore
Fay-Cooper Cole
Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore
"Traditions of the Tinguian: A Study in Philippine Folk-Lore" by Fay-Cooper Cole is a scholarly examination of the folklore belonging to the Tinguian people of the Philippines, written in the early 20th century. The book delves into the myths, stories, and cultural practices of the Tinguian tribe, highlighting their complex beliefs and traditions. Cole's work provides a comprehensive understanding of Tinguian life, intertwining their mythology with their socio-cultural practices and the significance of these narratives within their community. The opening of the text introduces the author’s purpose and methodology, based on his extensive fieldwork with the Tinguian tribe in the early 1900s. Fay-Cooper Cole shares how he collected and translated the myths and tales during his stay, emphasizing his intent to preserve the authentic forms of storytelling by closely following the language of Tinguian storytellers. The preface outlines the division of the tales into categories such as mythical narratives, ritualistic myths associated with ceremonies, and ordinary stories told for entertainment. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper dive into the rich tapestry of Tinguian culture, as it reveals their beliefs, everyday life, and the importance of storytelling as a medium for conveying values and identity within their society.
Animal Figures in the Maya Codices
Alfred M. (Alfred Marston) Tozzer
Animal Figures in the Maya Codices
"Animal Figures in the Maya Codices" by Alfred M. Tozzer and Glover M. Allen is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. The work focuses on the interpretation and analysis of animal figures frequently found in ancient Maya codices, aiming to identify the various species depicted and their significance within the context of Maya culture and writing systems. This study highlights the connection between these animal representations and the religious and calendrical practices of the Maya people. The opening of this publication sets the stage for a thorough examination of animal symbolism within the surviving codices from the Maya civilization. It begins with a note indicating the intentions behind the research, which was initiated by the Peabody Museum Committee on Central American Research. The authors discuss the Maya's use of animal depictions in their codices, drawn with either realistic or stylized elements, and the influence of these figures on their mythology, astronomy, and ceremonial practices. The introduction outlines the rarity and significance of the three known Maya codices—Dresden, Tro-Cortesianus, and Peresianus—and prepares the reader for an in-depth discussion on the various ways animals are represented, their cultural importance, and the methods used for their identification.
The Evolution of Theology: an Anthropological Study Essay #8 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
Thomas Henry Huxley
The Evolution of Theology: an Anthropological Study Essay #8 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition"
"The Evolution of Theology: An Anthropological Study" by Thomas Henry Huxley is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work explores theology as a natural product of human cognition, analyzing its historical development and the beliefs surrounding spiritual beings among ancient civilizations, notably focusing on the theological concepts found in Israelite society. At the start of the essay, Huxley sets the stage for an anthropological examination of theology, emphasizing that he does not aim to validate or invalidate the truth of specific theological doctrines but intends to treat them as phenomena worthy of scientific inquiry. He introduces the historical context of Israelite theology between the invasion of Canaan and the early monarchy, using Hebrew Scriptures as pivotal sources. The opening portion highlights the narrative of Saul's visit to the witch of Endor, illustrating how beliefs in ghosts and spiritual mediums were integral to the theology of that era. Huxley argues that such accounts provide insights into ancient Israelitic beliefs regarding the afterlife, spiritual existence, and the nature of their deity, Jahveh, inferring that human-like characteristics attributed to spiritual beings are fundamental to understanding their theological framework.
The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao The R. F. Cummings Philippine Expedition
Fay-Cooper Cole
The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao The R. F. Cummings Philippine Expedition
"The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao" by Fay-Cooper Cole is an anthropological study written in the early 20th century. This work focuses on the diverse tribal communities inhabiting the Davao region of Mindanao in the Philippines, providing insights into their customs, social structures, religious beliefs, and daily life. The author conducted extensive fieldwork among several tribes, particularly the Bagobo, and aims to contribute to the understanding of their cultural practices and historical contexts. At the start of the text, the author introduces the premise of his journey into the Davao District and outlines his aim to study and classify the tribes encountered during his exploration. The opening establishes Cole's methodology and the context of his research, including his observations regarding the fluid nature of tribal identities due to factors such as migration, intermarriage, and external influences. He highlights the distinct but interconnected cultural dimensions of various tribes, suggesting a complex mosaic of traditions and interactions that characterize the region. This introductory section sets the stage for a detailed examination of specific tribes, their living conditions, customs, and the impact of colonization and modernization.
Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia
Northcote Whitridge Thomas
Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia
"Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia" by Northcote Whitridge Thomas is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. The book explores the intricate kinship structures and marriage practices among Australian Aboriginal societies, focusing specifically on totem kins, phratries, and the dynamics of group marriage. The text serves as a comprehensive examination intended to deepen understanding of the social fabric of these communities and encourage further research in this area of anthropology. The opening of the work establishes the author's intent to provide an in-depth survey of Australian kinship systems, distinguishing between various forms of social organisation based on birth rather than individual choice. Thomas discusses the persistence of the family system alongside tribal structures and highlights the complexity of kinship definitions, emphasizing the importance of both physiological and sociological factors in understanding these relationships. He outlines the significance of totem kins and the regulatory role they play in marriage prohibitions, setting the stage for a detailed analysis of kinship terms and their implications for social structures in Australia.
The Iroquois Book of Rites
Horatio Hale
The Iroquois Book of Rites
"The Iroquois Book of Rites" by Horatio Hale is an ethnological work edited in the late 19th century. The book discusses the traditional ceremonial practices of the Iroquois Confederacy, along with its history and sociopolitical structures, providing valuable insight into the customs and beliefs of this Native American group. At the start of the text, Hale outlines the significance of the Iroquois Book of Rites, stating its importance in revealing the historical and ethnological background of the Iroquois people. The introductory chapters detail the geographic locations of the Iroquois nations in northeastern North America and the origins of their societal structures. It mentions the early historical encounters observed by European explorers and the political alliances, particularly the formation of a confederation aimed at ensuring peace and cooperation among the tribes. This foundational setup will be elaborated upon in succeeding chapters, possibly tracing the narratives of leaders like Hiawatha and the ceremonies involved in their governance and social organization.
Legends, Traditions, and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians
Elias Johnson
Legends, Traditions, and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians
"Legends, Traditions, and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians" by Elias Johnson is a historical account likely written in the late 19th century. This work presents a comprehensive exploration of the Iroquois and Tuscarora peoples, delving into their culture, governance, and spiritual beliefs, while also addressing the misunderstandings and prejudices perpetuated by historical narratives about Native Americans. At the start of the text, Elias Johnson introduces the purpose behind his writing, which seeks to foster genuine understanding and appreciation for the Iroquois and Tuscarora cultures among non-Indigenous readers. He reflects on the prejudices faced by Indigenous peoples and critiques the historical portrayals that have often misrepresented their character. Johnson emphasizes his motivation for writing this book comes from a desire to correct misconceptions about the Indigenous way of life, showcasing the rich traditions, societal structures, and historical narratives that define these communities. The opening lays a foundation for the reader to challenge their preconceived notions and encourages an exploration of the vibrant history and enduring legacy of the Iroquois and Tuscarora peoples.
De Nederlandsche Nationale Kleederdrachten
Theodoor Molkenboer
De Nederlandsche Nationale Kleederdrachten
"De Nederlandsche Nationale Kleederdrachten" by Theodoor Molkenboer is a comprehensive cultural study written in the early 20th century. This work focuses on the national costumes of the Netherlands, documenting the traditional dress still worn by the populace in various provinces as of the year 1916. The author aims to provide an overview of these costumes, enriched with photographs of the actual wearers, rather than staged representations, to capture the authentic essence of Dutch cultural attire. The opening of the book serves as an introduction and preface to Molkenboer's research, explaining his motivations and the importance of preserving this aspect of Dutch identity. He notes the drastic decline in the number of people wearing these traditional costumes and intends to illustrate the significance and aesthetic value of the dress as a reflection of Dutch history and culture. The text emphasizes the shifting perspectives towards these garments, portrayed as both remnants of a quaint past by some and cherished symbols of national pride by others. Throughout the beginning, Molkenboer articulates his observations and predictions regarding the fading interest in these costumes, as well as his hopes for future appreciation and understanding of this unique aspect of Dutch heritage.
Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines
Lewis Henry Morgan
Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines
"Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines" by Lewis Henry Morgan is an anthropological study published in the late 19th century. The work focuses on the architectural designs and domestic structures of various Native American tribes, examining how these were influenced by social organization and communal living patterns. The opening of the text introduces Morgan's intention to provide a comprehensive analysis of the houses and living arrangements of American aborigines as a continuation of his prior work, "Ancient Society." He outlines a methodological framework to understand the interconnectedness of housing, social structures, and cultural practices among tribes from different periods of development. Morgan argues that aboriginal housing forms, from the Long Houses of the Iroquois to various adobe structures in New Mexico, reflect the collective organization of society and familial relations, emphasizing the communal rather than individualistic nature of living arrangements.
Anthropology
R. R. (Robert Ranulph) Marett
Anthropology
"Anthropology" by R. R. Marett is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. This work explores the expansive field of anthropology, detailing the study of human evolution, society, culture, and the various factors influencing human development. Marett's examination is rooted in the principles of Darwinism, asserting the evolutionary connections shared among all forms of life, including humans. The opening of "Anthropology" presents the scope of anthropological study, highlighting the importance of understanding humans as both physical beings and carriers of complex social ideas over time and across varying environments. Marett emphasizes the necessity of a Darwinian perspective to appreciate human history fully, insisting that anthropology must not shy away from studying all aspects of human existence—past and present, civilized and savage. He articulates a vision of anthropology that seeks to encompass the entirety of human experience, insisting on a unified scientific approach to understanding mankind’s diverse social and cultural histories. The text lays the groundwork for detailed discussions on various topics, including the antiquity of man, race, social organization, and the influences of environment and language on human life.
Indians of the Yosemite valley and vicinity Their history, customs and traditions
Galen Clark
Indians of the Yosemite valley and vicinity Their history, customs and traditions
"Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity" by Galen Clark is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This work explores the history, customs, and traditions of the Native American tribes that inhabited the Yosemite Valley and its surrounding regions. Clark, an important figure in California's history and the guardian of the Yosemite Valley, provides unique insights into the life and struggles of these tribes against the backdrop of increasing white settlement and upheaval. The opening of the text presents an introduction to Galen Clark himself, emphasizing his close relationship with the Yosemite Indians and their culture over many decades. In this section, Clark reflects on the swift decline of the tribes, driven by war and disease following the arrival of white settlers. He sets the stage for a detailed examination of the indigenous people's customs, beliefs, and the impact of colonial expansion on their way of life, signaling a heartfelt intention to document and preserve their history before it is lost. The narrative promises a blend of personal anecdotes and rich cultural insights, appealing to those interested in anthropology, history, and the preservation of indigenous stories.
Omaha Dwellings, Furniture and Implements Thirteenth Annual Report of the Beaurau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 263-288
James Owen Dorsey
Omaha Dwellings, Furniture and Implements Thirteenth Annual Report of the Beaurau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 263-288
"Omaha Dwellings, Furniture and Implements" by James Owen Dorsey is an ethnographic account written in the late 19th century. This work details the dwellings, furniture, and tools of the Omaha tribe, providing valuable insights into the domestic life and material culture of these Native Americans. The book serves as a comprehensive examination of traditional Omaha artifacts and their construction methods, contributing to the understanding of indigenous practices and social structures. In this publication, Dorsey describes various forms of dwellings, including earth lodges and skin tents used by the Omaha people. He provides intricate details on the construction of these structures and their associated uses, such as communal gatherings and winter habitation. Alongside descriptions of dwelling types, the book enumerates essential household items such as beds and bedding, kitchenware, weaponry, and musical instruments, also detailing how each item was crafted and used. Through this exhaustive documentation, Dorsey offers a rich portrayal of the Omaha's daily life, cultural practices, and the integral relationship they maintained with their environment.
Quer Durch Borneo; Erster Teil : $b Ergebnisse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900
Anton W. (Anton Willem) Nieuwenhuis
Quer Durch Borneo; Erster Teil : $b Ergebnisse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900
"Quer Durch Borneo" by Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis is a scientific publication written in the early 20th century. The book documents the author's extensive travels and research in Borneo between 1894 and 1900, focusing on the geography, inhabitants, and cultural practices of various indigenous tribes, especially the Dajak. Nieuwenhuis aims to provide a comprehensive ethnographic account, combining his firsthand observations with the research outcomes from his expeditions. The opening of the text introduces Nieuwenhuis's early expeditions and the significant knowledge he gained about the Dajak people during his travels through unknown regions of Borneo. It details the planning of a second expedition after the initial research efforts and outlines the meticulous preparations required for the journey, including the organization of his team and equipment. The narrative expresses the author’s commitment to collecting scientific data while also portraying the challenges and dangers of traversing the uncharted territories of Borneo, setting the stage for a thorough exploration of both nature and culture in the ensuing chapters.
Navajo Silversmiths Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-1881, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 167-178
Washington Matthews
Navajo Silversmiths Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-1881, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 167-178
"Navajo Silversmiths" by Washington Matthews is an ethnographic study written in the late 19th century. This scholarly work explores the art of silversmithing among the Navajo Indians, detailing the techniques, tools, and cultural significance of their craftsmanship. The book provides insight into the historical context and evolution of this art form, suggesting that it may have developed independently or with influences from neighboring cultures. The book delves into the practical aspects of Navajo silversmithing, describing the basic tools and materials utilized, such as forges, bellows, crucibles, and molds. Matthews highlights the processes involved in creating various silver objects, from simple buttons to intricate jewelry, showcasing the skill and creativity of Navajo artisans. The narrative includes detailed observations of smiths at work, illustrating their methods of soldering, polishing, and ornamentation. Additionally, it discusses the cultural significance of their designs, which often reflect individual expression and community identity. Through Matthews' portrayal, readers gain a deeper appreciation for the artistic and cultural contributions of the Navajo people.
Navajo weavers Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1881-'82, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1884, pages 371-392.
Washington Matthews
Navajo weavers Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1881-'82, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1884, pages 371-392.
"Navajo Weavers" by Washington Matthews is a scholarly publication produced as part of the Bureau of Ethnology's reports, likely written in the late 19th century. This ethnographic work primarily examines the intricate art of weaving practiced by the Navajo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, detailing their techniques, materials, and the cultural significance of their craftsmanship. The book offers valuable insights into a traditional craft that showcases the Navajo's unique artistic identity and their interaction with both native and European influences. The contents of "Navajo Weavers" provide a thorough exploration of the weaving process, focusing on the techniques utilized, materials sourced, and the cultural implications of the Navajo blankets and textiles. Matthews describes how Navajo women engage in creating textiles primarily from sheep wool, explaining the spinning and dyeing processes, as well as the looms and tools involved in weaving. He highlights the distinct designs and patterns that characterize Navajo fabrics, emphasizing that each blanket produced is unique, reflecting both individual artistry and the broader cultural heritage of the community. The book serves as an informative account that preserves the knowledge and tradition of Navajo weaving, advocating for its artistic merit and its evolution over time.
Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age."
Horatio Hale
Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age."
"Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation" by Horatio Hale is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The book explores the life of Hiawatha, an influential figure among the Iroquois tribes, and his role in the establishment of the Iroquois Confederation. This work emphasizes the political sophistication and intellectual capabilities of the Iroquois, dispelling misconceptions about their culture, particularly in the context of the Stone Age. The narrative details Hiawatha's dedication to unifying the fragmented tribes of the Iroquois through a permanent governmental system designed to promote peace and cooperation. It recounts his challenges against opposing leaders, as well as his efforts to persuade various nations to join the confederation. The book elucidates Hiawatha's visionary ideas about governance and peace, portraying him not only as a historical figure but also as a foundational character whose influence fostered a lasting political union among the Iroquois nations. Hale uses traditional accounts and wampum records to affirm the political structure and the enduring legacy of Hiawatha's contributions, emphasizing the importance of understanding the Iroquois's intricate political systems and cultural heritage.
Quer Durch Borneo; Zweiter Teil : $b Ergebnisse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900
Anton W. (Anton Willem) Nieuwenhuis
Quer Durch Borneo; Zweiter Teil : $b Ergebnisse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900
"Quer Durch Borneo" by Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis is a travelogue and ethnographic account written in the early 20th century. The work documents the author's extensive journeys through the regions of Borneo between the years 1894 and 1900, focusing on observations related to state organization, indigenous cultures, and natural history. Nieuwenhuis's experiences highlight not only the adventures of exploration but also significant insights into the lives, customs, and socio-political dynamics of the various tribes he encounters, particularly the Dajak people. At the start of the work, Nieuwenhuis reflects on the transitions and preparations related to his expedition, including a stop in Samarinda and meetings with local officials, as well as plans for a journey to Apu Kajan. He details the logistics of organizing his team, procuring supplies, and navigating the rivers of Borneo. The opening sets the stage for the challenges he faces, from managing local relationships to the unpredictable conditions of travel in a dense jungle environment. This segment establishes an engaging context for the ensuing adventures and cultural encounters that will unfold throughout the narrative.
Catalogue Of Linguistic Manuscripts In The Library Of The Bureau Of Ethnology. (1881 N 01 / 1879-1880 (Pages 553-578))
James Constantine Pilling
Catalogue Of Linguistic Manuscripts In The Library Of The Bureau Of Ethnology. (1881 N 01 / 1879-1880 (Pages 553-578))
"Catalogue Of Linguistic Manuscripts In The Library Of The Bureau Of Ethnology" by James C. Pilling is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This book serves as a detailed catalog of linguistic resources preserved within the Bureau of Ethnology, reflecting the interest of this time in documenting and studying the languages of Native American tribes. Its primary topic revolves around the collection and organization of linguistic data intended for ethnological research. The content of the book gathers various linguistic manuscripts concerning the languages of Native American tribes, focusing on vocabularies, grammatical notes, and related linguistic material compiled by different collectors. It documents contributions from several ethnographers and linguists, detailing efforts to gather comparative vocabularies and insights into the structure of these languages. The book includes structured schedules and instructions for collectors, highlighting essential linguistic elements such as numerals, kinship terms, and geographic names. Overall, Pilling’s work aims to facilitate a systematic approach to studying the diverse linguistic heritage of Native American tribes, contributing significantly to the fields of linguistics and anthropology.
Navaho Houses Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 469-518
Cosmos Mindeleff
Navaho Houses Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 469-518
"Navaho Houses" by Cosmos Mindeleff is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work delves into the architectural styles and construction methods of the Navaho Indians, focusing on the traditional hogáns (houses) that serve as the focal point of their cultural identity. The book is aimed at students of architecture, archaeology, and ethnology, offering insights into the way these structures reflect the people's mental and industrial status throughout their history. The opening of "Navaho Houses" introduces the topic of the unique dwelling structures of the Navaho people, emphasizing their significance in understanding the tribe's culture and lifestyle. Mindeleff outlines the intention behind the account and notes the contemporary pressures facing traditional building practices, suspecting that these may soon be lost due to modern influences. He highlights the historical context of house construction, including the use of specific materials and ceremonial dedication practices that accompany the building of hogáns. The narrative sets the foundation for a detailed exploration of various types of houses, including winter hogáns, summer shelters, and sweat houses, as well as the environmental and cultural factors that influence this architecture.
The Repair of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891 Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
Cosmos Mindeleff
The Repair of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891 Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
"The Repair of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891" by Cosmos Mindeleff is a scientific publication written during the late 19th century. This detailed report discusses the evaluation and restoration efforts undertaken at the Casa Grande Ruin, a notable archaeological site in Arizona, which holds significant historical and cultural value. Mindeleff provides an in-depth analysis of the ruin's condition, its historical background, and the necessary repairs, reflecting a blend of archaeology and preservation science. The report begins with an introduction outlining the federal appropriation for repairs and the urgent need to protect the ruins from natural deterioration and vandalism. Mindeleff meticulously documents the various aspects of the restoration process, including the structural condition of the Casa Grande, plans for underpinning and bracing the walls, and the excavation of debris. He emphasizes the importance of preserving the site for future study, detailing the measures taken to ensure its structural integrity while maintaining its historical character. The report also includes illustrations, contracts, and findings from the excavation, ultimately highlighting the ongoing need for further preservation efforts to combat the effects of time and environmental wear.
On Limitations to the Use of Some Anthropologic Data
John Wesley Powell
On Limitations to the Use of Some Anthropologic Data
"On Limitations to the Use of Some Anthropologic Data" by John Wesley Powell is a scientific publication that was likely written in the late 19th century. The book critically examines the use of anthropological data, particularly in the context of North American archaeology, mythology, and the understanding of Indigenous cultures. Powell addresses misconceptions and methodological challenges faced by researchers in the interpretation of anthropological evidence. In this work, Powell explores various aspects of human anthropology, including archaeological findings, pictographs, language, mythology, and social structures among Indigenous tribes. He argues against the hasty generalizations made about these groups and emphasizes the need for careful differentiation between tribes due to their unique languages, customs, and histories. Powell critiques the speculative use of data connecting Indigenous peoples to ancient civilizations and stresses the importance of understanding each culture within its specific context, cautioning researchers to avoid overgeneralization and misinterpretation of anthropological evidence. The writing serves as both a guide and a cautionary tale for scholars in the field.
Lecture on the Aborigines of Newfoundland Delivered Before the Mechanics' Institute, at St. John's, Newfoundland, on Monday, 17th January, 1859
Joseph Noad
Lecture on the Aborigines of Newfoundland Delivered Before the Mechanics' Institute, at St. John's, Newfoundland, on Monday, 17th January, 1859
"Lecture on the Aborigines of Newfoundland" by Joseph Noad is a historical account presented in the mid-19th century. The book provides an investigation into the origins, culture, and tragic fate of the Boeothick Indians, the indigenous people of Newfoundland. Noad explores various theories regarding their descent and recounts the historical contact between the Boeothicks and European settlers, showcasing the significant decline in the native population due to violence and displacement. In this lecture, Noad discusses the Boeothicks' way of life, including their dwellings, hunting practices, and social structure, painting a picture of a once-vibrant tribe that faced violent encroachments from both European settlers and the Micmac tribe. Through historical anecdotes and detailed exploration of their traditions, he highlights the gradual extermination of the Boeothicks, including specific accounts of violent encounters and the efforts made by settlers and officials to establish a peaceful relationship, which ultimately failed. The lecture concludes with a reflection on their probable extinction and the cultural assimilation or displacement that likely ensued, leaving their legacy clouded in mystery.
Land und Volk in Afrika, Berichte aus den Jahren 1865-1870
Gerhard Rohlfs
Land und Volk in Afrika, Berichte aus den Jahren 1865-1870
"Land und Volk in Afrika, Berichte aus den Jahren 1865-1870" by Gerhard Rohlfs is a historical travelogue written in the late 19th century. This work offers detailed observations and reflections from Rohlfs' travels through various regions of Africa during the years mentioned, highlighting both cultural aspects and the broader geopolitical context of the time. The book likely covers topics related to African peoples, colonialism, and the author's personal experiences and conclusions on the interactions between European settlers and indigenous populations. The opening of the book presents a variety of content, showcasing Rohlfs' thoughts on Algeria and its inhabitants, particularly focusing on the complexities of colonialism. Rohlfs criticizes the superficial understanding that the French Empire has of their colony, suggesting that true comprehension requires prolonged engagement with local cultures, rather than mere observation from a position of power. He reflects on his long experience in Algeria and the behaviors of the Arab populace, expressing skepticism about the prospects of civilizing efforts. This section sets a tone of critical exploration, hinting at Rohlfs' deep engagement with the land and its people, along with his observations on cultural practices such as the use of hashish in social settings.
Über das Aussterben der Naturvölker
Georg Karl Cornelius Gerland
Über das Aussterben der Naturvölker
"Über das Aussterben der Naturvölker" by Georg Karl Cornelius Gerland is a scientific publication written during the late 19th century. The book delves into the reasons behind the extinction of indigenous peoples, exploring various factors contributing to their declining populations, including cultural, environmental, and health-related issues. The opening of the work presents the author's preface, outlining the importance of thoroughly examining the extinction of indigenous peoples, a topic previously addressed only superficially in anthropological studies. Gerland emphasizes the need for a detailed exploration of psychological factors and the effects of contact with colonizing cultures. He critically engages with existing works, particularly citing Waitz's research, while acknowledging the scattered material available from travel accounts and anthropological texts. The introduction sets the stage for an in-depth analysis of the multi-faceted causes of the decline of these societies, focusing on their vulnerability to diseases introduced by Europeans, inadequate health practices, and a lack of concern for physical well-being.
Noções elementares de archeologia
Joaquim Possidónio Narciso da Silva
Noções elementares de archeologia
"Noções elementares de archeologia" by Joaquim Possidónio Narciso da Silva is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work serves as a comprehensive introduction to archeology, detailing its historical context, significance, and methodologies for understanding ancient civilizations and their artifacts. The opening of the book establishes the premise that archeology, unlike history, is a science that has evolved to study past human societies through physical remnants and artifacts. It highlights how even ancient peoples, such as the Greeks and Romans, did not fully grasp the importance of archeology as a separate discipline. The text then traces the development of archeological studies through different eras, emphasizing the contributions of notable figures and events that shaped the field, such as discoveries in Italy and advances in methodology by various scholars across Europe. With an engaging historical narrative, it sets the stage for further exploration into the specifics of archeological techniques and findings, making it clear that this work will be both a historical account of the discipline and a guide to its methods.
Bij de Parsi's van Bombay en Gudsjerat De Aarde en haar Volken, 1909-1910
Delphine Menant
Bij de Parsi's van Bombay en Gudsjerat De Aarde en haar Volken, 1909-1910
"Bij de Parsi's van Bombay en Gudsjerat" by Delphine Menant is a historical account likely written in the early 20th century. The work delves into the culture, religion, and social dynamics of the Parsi community, descendants of Persian Zoroastrians who settled in India. It explores their rich heritage, religious practices, and the unique role they play in Indian society, particularly in Bombay and the region of Gudsjerat. The opening of the text introduces the Parsi people and provides a comprehensive overview of their history, religious beliefs, and societal influences. Menant outlines their origins, tracing back to Persian refugees in the 8th century, and details the significance of Zoroastrian teachings alongside an examination of their lifestyles, community structure, and interactions with other groups in India. The author sets the scene for future explorations into Parsi rituals, social customs, and their remarkable contributions to the cultural tapestry of India, while also indicating plans to visit key historical sites related to the Parsi faith.
In de Amsterdamsche Jodenbuurt De Aarde en haar Volken, 1907
Jan Feith
In de Amsterdamsche Jodenbuurt De Aarde en haar Volken, 1907
"In de Amsterdamsche Jodenbuurt" by Jan Feith is a detailed and evocative account of the Jewish neighborhood in Amsterdam, likely written in the early 20th century. This book can be categorized as a historical account, offering unique insights into the lives, struggles, and culture of the Jewish community during that time. It highlights the interplay of daily life and the socio-economic challenges faced by the residents in the ghetto, painting a vivid picture of their environment. The narrative delves into the intricate realities of life in the Amsterdam Jewish quarter, showcasing both the community's vitality and its plight. Feith takes the reader on a journey through the streets and homes, where the atmosphere is filled with both the warmth of familial bonds and the harshness of poverty. The text contrasts the picturesque observations of the neighborhood with stories of suffering due to tuberculosis and social neglect. Through vivid descriptions of cramped living conditions, the daily routines of the families, and the rituals surrounding significant Jewish traditions, Feith creates a poignant portrayal of a community rich in culture yet burdened by hardship.
Casa Grande Ruin Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-92, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 289-318
Cosmos Mindeleff
Casa Grande Ruin Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-92, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 289-318
"Casa Grande Ruin" by Cosmos Mindeleff is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. This work focuses on the archaeological and architectural significance of the Casa Grande ruin, situated near the Gila River in southern Arizona. Mindeleff provides a detailed examination of this prominent example of aboriginal architecture, contributing to the broader understanding of Native American historical sites. In "Casa Grande Ruin," Mindeleff explores the architectural features, historical context, and previous interpretations surrounding the Casa Grande structure. The book details the physical characteristics of the ruin, including dimensions, construction methods, and the layout of its various rooms. Mindeleff highlights the differences between Casa Grande and northern Pueblo architecture, emphasizing its unique construction techniques and the environmental factors that influenced its design. Additionally, he discusses the historical accounts from early explorers and missionaries, connecting the structure to the Pima people, their traditions, and the long-term occupation of the site. Through meticulous descriptions and illustrations, the author reconstructs the significance of the Casa Grande ruin within the framework of Southwestern archaeology.