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History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750)
Browse History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750) as a public-domain reading list on Rivro, with free classics, authors, subjects, and related books.
The Prince
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
"The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli is a political treatise written in 1513 and published in 1532. Presented as an instruction guide for new rulers, this controversial work suggests that immoral acts may be necessary to achieve political power and glory. Written in vernacular Italian rather than Latin, it breaks from traditional advice literature by focusing on practical effectiveness over abstract ideals. Its worldview challenged dominant Catholic doctrines of the time, making "Machiavellian" synonymous with political cunning and contributing to modern negative connotations of politics itself.
Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan
"Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes is a philosophical treatise published in 1651. Written during the English Civil War, it explores the structure of society and legitimate government through social contract theory. Hobbes argues that humanity's natural state is a brutal "war of all against all," driven by individual appetites and the fear of violent death. Only a strong, absolute sovereign can prevent civil war and chaos by uniting both secular and spiritual power. This influential work presents a materialistic view of human nature and political order.
Second Treatise of Government
John Locke
Second Treatise of Government
"Second Treatise of Government" by John Locke is a political philosophy work published in 1689. Writing anonymously during England's turbulent revolution, Locke outlines a radical vision of society founded on natural rights and government by consent rather than divine authority. His ideas challenge the established order, arguing that legitimate power flows from the people, not kings claiming God-given rule. This foundational text of liberal political theory emerged from dangerous conspiracies and exile, so controversial that Locke never acknowledged authorship during his lifetime.
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith is a treatise published in 1776. This foundational work of classical economics examines what builds nations' wealth at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Smith introduces revolutionary concepts like division of labor, free markets, and the "invisible hand" of self-interest guiding economic activity. Challenging the mercantilist policies of his era, he argues that supply and demand should determine commerce rather than government regulation, establishing theoretical foundations that would shape economic thought for centuries.
The Printer in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg An Account of His Life & Times, & of His Craft
Parke Rouse
The Printer in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg An Account of His Life & Times, & of His Craft
"The Printer in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg" by Parke Rouse is a historical account written in the mid-20th century. The book explores the life and times of William Parks, the first public printer of Virginia, and discusses the significance of his printing office in Williamsburg during the 18th century. It focuses on the development of the printing craft and its influence on the colonial community. In this detailed examination, Rouse paints a vivid picture of William Parks and his vibrant printing shop on Duke of Gloucester Street, which served as a newspaper office, bookstore, and post office. He describes the bustling environment where apprentices and printers worked with essential printing techniques, produced the first editions of the "Virginia Gazette," and facilitated the spread of news and ideas throughout the colony. The book also highlights the socio-economic challenges faced by printers and the crucial role that printed materials played in the political and cultural life of 18th-century Virginia, ultimately contributing to the growing sentiment for independence that would shape the future of America.
The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576 The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
James Westfall Thompson
The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576 The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
"The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576" by James Westfall Thompson is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This work delves into the tumultuous period of religious conflict in France, focusing on the Huguenots and significant figures such as Catherine de Medici and Philip II. It examines the intricacies of political, social, and economic factors that fueled these wars, offering insights into how these events shaped the course of French history. The opening of the book sets the stage for the Huguenot revolt initiated following the death of Henry II of France in 1559. It details the royal festivities that quickly turned somber due to the king's fatal accident during a tournament, paving the way for political maneuvers by the Guises. As Francis II ascended the throne, the Guises seized control of government affairs amidst rising tensions between the Huguenots and Catholic factions. The narrative introduces key characters, political tensions, and societal dynamics that would lead to a series of violent confrontations, ultimately establishing the foundational context for the subsequent chapters on the unfolding conflicts.
Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences
René Descartes
Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences
"Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences" by René Descartes is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published in 1637. Descartes confronts skepticism by doubting everything to discover incontrovertible truth. This approach leads him to his famous conclusion "I think, therefore I am." He presents four precepts for arriving at genuine knowledge, starting from the simplest ideas and building systematically. The work establishes foundations for modern philosophy and natural sciences, introducing reasoning methods that would revolutionize Western thought.
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay
Immanuel Kant
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay
"Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay" by Immanuel Kant is a philosophical work published in 1795. Kant proposes a peace program for governments, including preliminary articles demanding the abolition of standing armies and secret treaties, alongside three definitive articles establishing republican constitutions, a federation of free states, and universal hospitality. Rather than advocating world government, Kant envisions a league of independent republics that would naturally tend toward peace through representative governance and international cooperation.
Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796-1812 For the First Time Collected and Translated, with Notes Social, Historical, and Chronological, from Contemporary Sources
Emperor of the French Napoleon I
Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796-1812 For the First Time Collected and Translated, with Notes Social, Historical, and Chronological, from Contemporary Sources
"Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796-1812" by Emperor of the French Napoleon I is a collection of personal correspondence written in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This compilation provides a unique glimpse into the intimate life and emotions of Napoleon Bonaparte as he navigates his tumultuous relationship with his wife, Josephine Beauharnais, during a period marked by his rising political and military prominence. The letters explore themes of love, longing, and the pressures of leadership, illustrating Napoleon's passionate feelings as well as his vulnerabilities. At the start of the collection, Napoleon writes fervently to Josephine, expressing his deep affection and anxiety over her well-being during his military campaigns. His letters reveal a man consumed by love, often torn between his duties and his desire to be with her. He conveys a mixture of devotion and jealousy, coupled with a constant yearning to hear from her. The opening letters set the tone for the correspondence that follows, combining political context with personal sentiment, painting a multifaceted portrait of one of history’s most renowned figures through the lens of his relationship with Josephine.
Doctrina Christiana The first book printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593.
Unknown
Doctrina Christiana The first book printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593.
"Doctrina Christiana" by Edwin Wolf is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The text serves to illuminate the significance of this volume, recognized as the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593. The work sheds light on the printing methods used, the bibliographical history surrounding the book's creation, and the religious teachings contained within it, primarily focused on the fundamentals of Christianity as conveyed to the native population. The opening of "Doctrina Christiana" discusses the arduous journey to locate this seminal work, engaging readers in a narrative that resembles a scholarly detective story. It outlines the book’s physical characteristics, including details about its contents, such as essential Christian prayers and teachings presented in both Spanish and Tagalog. Wolf introduces four main topics for investigation: the physical description, bibliographical history, authorship, and the printing methods employed, ensuring that readers not only appreciate the book's historical value but also its role in the cultural and religious education of the Filipinos during the Spanish colonization.
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 33, 1519-1522 Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century
Antonio Pigafetta
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 33, 1519-1522 Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century
"The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 33, 1519-1522" by Antonio Pigafetta is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This volume is primarily focused on the first circumnavigation of the globe, providing a detailed narrative of the expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan. It captures the rich descriptions of the Philippine archipelago's various peoples, landscapes, and the conditions encountered during this monumental voyage. The opening of this historical narrative introduces the reader to Pigafetta, who expresses a strong desire to document the incredible experiences he had during the expedition that commenced in 1519. He elaborates on the preparations made in Seville before the fleet sets sail, highlighting the challenges and dangers inherent in such voyages at that time. Detailed accounts of their journey, including the interactions with indigenous peoples, the harsh conditions faced at sea, and Pigafetta's insights into the cultures and languages of the lands encountered, set the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this significant period in maritime history.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" by David Hume is a philosophical work published in 1748. This revision of Hume's earlier treatise presents his empiricist philosophy in a shorter, more accessible form. Hume explores fundamental questions about human knowledge: how we form ideas from sensory impressions, why we connect thoughts in certain patterns, and whether experience can truly justify our beliefs about cause and effect. The work examines the distinction between logical reasoning and factual knowledge, challenging readers to question the foundations of human understanding itself.
The Complete Herbal To which is now added, upwards of one hundred additional herbs, with a display of their medicinal and occult qualities physically applied to the cure of all disorders incident to mankind: to which are now first annexed, the English physician enlarged, and key to Physic.
Nicholas Culpeper
The Complete Herbal To which is now added, upwards of one hundred additional herbs, with a display of their medicinal and occult qualities physically applied to the cure of all disorders incident to mankind: to which are now first annexed, the English physician enlarged, and key to Physic.
"The Complete Herbal" by Nicholas Culpeper is a historical medicinal guide written in the mid-17th century. This work combines herbalism, astrology, and early medical practices, offering insights into the medicinal properties of various plants and their relationship with human ailments. It serves as both an extensive reference manual for herbal remedies and a treatise on the natural philosophy underpinning herbal medicine. At the start of the text, Culpeper introduces his work and warns readers against relying on the numerous erroneous editions that have circulated prior to this version. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the reasons behind the properties of herbs, which traditional authors often fail to provide. Culpeper details his background in herbalism and astrology, asserting that real knowledge should be derived from reason and personal experience rather than outdated traditions. The opening sets up a systematic approach to understanding herbs and their uses, inviting readers to consider the connections between celestial influences and physical health.
The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn; With Notes
King of England Henry VIII
The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn; With Notes
"The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn; With Notes by Henry VIII" is a historical collection of correspondence written in the early 16th century. This compilation highlights the romantic yet tumultuous relationship between King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, showcasing heartfelt sentiments and the complexities of court life during a significant period in English history. The letters reveal the King's ardent affections for Anne, marked by both passion and desperation as he seeks her love while navigating the political and social intrigues of the Tudor court. The collection presents a series of letters, expressing Henry's longing for Anne during her periods of absence from court. He conveys his feelings through a mix of tenderness and urgency, often inquiring about her health and well-being, while also discussing the dynamics surrounding their relationship, including the complications arising from his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The letters provide insight into Anne's character as well, particularly in her responses and the way she gracefully manages Henry's advances while maintaining her dignity. Overall, this collection serves not only as a testament to their romance but also as a vivid portrayal of the era's societal constraints and the personal struggles within a powerful relationship.
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783
A. T. (Alfred Thayer) Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783
"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783" by A. T. Mahan is a history of naval warfare published in 1890. This groundbreaking work examines how control of the seas shaped European dominance during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mahan identifies key factors for achieving sea power and argues that strong navies determine national greatness. The book sparked a global naval arms race and profoundly influenced military strategy worldwide, becoming the most important text in naval thought and contributing to America's rise as a great power.
The Book of the Courtier
Baldassarre Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier
"The Book of the Courtier" by conte Baldassarre Castiglione is a philosophical dialogue composed between 1508 and 1528. Set over four evenings at the Renaissance court of Urbino, the work presents courtiers debating what makes an ideal gentleman worthy of serving a prince. They discuss noble rank, physical prowess, artistic knowledge, proper speech, and the mysterious quality of *sprezzatura*—a studied nonchalance that conceals effort. The book also explores humor, love, and the nature of the perfect court lady, creating a portrait of a vanishing world.
The Elizabethan Stage, Vol. 2
E. K. (Edmund Kerchever) Chambers
The Elizabethan Stage, Vol. 2
"The Elizabethan Stage, Vol. 2" by E. K. Chambers is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The book delves into the vibrant theatrical scene of the Elizabethan era, detailing various acting companies and the intricacies of performance culture during that time. It primarily focuses on the classification and history of theatrical companies and their performances in London from 1558 to 1616. At the start of the volume, the author introduces the framework for examining the theatrical companies of the period, discussing the dominance of boy companies in early Elizabethan drama. The introduction highlights how the Children of Paul’s, among others, played a significant role in court performances, particularly before adult companies found a firm footing. Chambers sets the stage for a detailed chronicle of various acting troupes and the evolution of performance spaces, hinting at the competitive nature of this theatrical landscape and the shifts in popularity between child and adult performers throughout the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
English Lands, Letters and Kings, vol. 3: Queen Anne and the Georges
Donald Grant Mitchell
English Lands, Letters and Kings, vol. 3: Queen Anne and the Georges
"English Lands, Letters and Kings, vol. 3: Queen Anne and the Georges" by Donald G. Mitchell is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This volume explores the transition of English literature and society during the reign of Queen Anne and the subsequent Georges, focusing on significant literary figures and social changes of the period. Mitchell delves into the lives and works of influential authors and thinkers who shaped this era. At the start of the narrative, the reader is transported to the early 18th century in England, a time marked by political and social upheaval across Europe. The text opens with a lively depiction of the period, highlighting cultural contrasts—from Queen Anne's court intrigues to the bustling streets of London filled with vendors and curious visitors. The author introduces notable historical and literary figures such as George Berkeley and Lady Wortley Montagu, whose contributions and experiences intertwine with the broader themes of morality, politics, and personal relationships, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of the literary evolution that accompanies the rise of the Georges.
Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, Volume 1 (of 3) Illustrating the Arms, Arts, and Literature of Italy, from 1440 To 1630.
James Dennistoun
Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, Volume 1 (of 3) Illustrating the Arms, Arts, and Literature of Italy, from 1440 To 1630.
"Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, Volume 1 (of 3)" by James Dennistoun is a historical account written in the mid-19th century. The book delves into the lives and legacies of the Dukes of Urbino during a vibrant period of Italian history, spanning from 1440 to 1630. It explores the intersection of arms, arts, and literature within the context of the duchy, emphasizing the significant cultural and political impact these rulers had in their time. The opening of the memoir lays the groundwork for an in-depth examination of the dukes and their realms, setting the stage for a thorough exploration of the socio-political landscape of Italy. It introduces James Dennistoun’s extensive research across various libraries and archives in Italy, showcasing his commitment to uncovering lesser-known aspects of the dukes’ lives and the cultural richness of their courts. Dennistoun reflects on the importance of the ducal family, intricately linking their governance to the artistic and literary advancements of the era, with a particular focus on Duke Federigo and his son Guidobaldo, establishing a narrative that promises both historical enlightenment and narrative richness.
History of Mexico, Volume 1, 1516-1521
Hubert Howe Bancroft
History of Mexico, Volume 1, 1516-1521
"History of Mexico, Volume 1, 1516-1521" by Hubert Howe Bancroft is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This volume begins on the cusp of the Spanish conquest of Mexico and delves into a critical period of Mexican history marked by the arrival of Spanish explorers and the ensuing conflict with indigenous civilizations. Bancroft aims to explore how these events shaped the trajectory of Mexico's societal and cultural development within the context of European colonization. The opening of the text sets the stage by addressing the preservation of historical records and the author's extensive research efforts. Bancroft highlights the significance of Mexico as a historical subject, characterized by its complex societal structures, cultural richness, and the harshness of colonial imposition. The preface describes the dramatic contrasts of the period, including the cruel realities of conquest led by Hernán Cortés and the remnants of indigenous culture that faced oppression. As it establishes foundational ideas, the beginning promises a comprehensive exploration of the political and cultural intersections that defined early modern Mexico.
The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765
J. E. (Jan Ernst) Heeres
The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765
"The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765" by J. E. Heeres is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This work focuses on the significant, yet often overlooked, contributions of Dutch explorers to the discovery and mapping of Australia during the 17th and 18th centuries. It aims to illuminate the historical context and achievements of Netherlands' navigators, documenting their voyages and explorations in a field predominantly recognized for British contributions. The opening of the book introduces the reader to the author's motivation for revisiting the Dutch discoveries related to Australia. Heeres emphasizes that the role played by the Dutch is often misunderstood or disregarded, both domestically and in foreign histories. He discusses how the idea for this publication evolved from his previous work on Abel Tasman, highlighting the importance of archival documents that shed light on early Dutch explorations, such as the voyages of Willem Jansz and Dirk Hartogs. The introduction sets the stage for a detailed examination of historical documents, chronologically arranging Dutch expeditions that significantly contributed to the European understanding of Australia's geography.
Church History, Volume 3 (of 3)
J. H. (Johann Heinrich) Kurtz
Church History, Volume 3 (of 3)
"Church History, Volume 3 (of 3)" by J. H. Kurtz is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This volume examines church history primarily during the seventeenth century, delving into the relationships between various Christian denominations, the dynamics within the Roman Catholic Church, and the developments within Protestant movements. The opening of this volume lays the groundwork for a detailed exploration of the complexities surrounding different church relationships in the seventeenth century. It begins by highlighting the transient successes and ambitions of the Roman Catholic Church in the East, particularly with the Jesuit missions among the Abysinnains and their attempts to reclaim authority over the Eastern Orthodox Churches. The text then transitions into discussions of Protestantism and Catholicism, noting conversions of Protestant princes, the influence of events like the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes on the Huguenots in France, and the persistent struggles of religious unity and division exemplified through various union attempts and conflicts.
The Survey of London
John Stow
The Survey of London
"The Survey of London" by John Stow is a historical account written in the late 16th century. This seminal work serves as a comprehensive exploration of the history, structure, and societal nuances of London during the time of Stow’s writing. As one of the earliest examples of topographical literature, it aims to paint a vivid picture of Elizabethan London, offering insights into its development, culture, and the lives of its inhabitants. At the start of the text, Stow articulates his intentions for the survey and provides context regarding his motivations for undertaking such an ambitious project. He reflects on the importance of documenting the city, expressing his desire to share a range of historical and cultural information about London with future readers. The narrative establishes a foundation for understanding the significance of the city's past, including references to notable figures and events that shaped its evolution. Stow’s initial prose showcases a mixture of personal reminiscence, collected anecdotes, and data drawn from his extensive research, setting the stage for a detailed exploration of London’s many facets.
The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 11 : $b France, 843-1715
Unknown
The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 11 : $b France, 843-1715
"The historians'' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 11…" by Henry Smith Williams is a historical compendium written in the early 20th century. This volume surveys the history of France from the later Carolingians to the death of Louis XIV, blending political narrative with religious, social, and cultural developments as distilled from numerous classic authorities. The opening of the volume recounts the collapse of Carolingian power under relentless Northmen raids and internal strife, portraying Charles the Bald’s weakness, the ferocity and tactics of the Vikings, and the famed pirate Hastings. It explains how the Edict of Mersen and the capitulary of Quierzy hastened the transformation of benefices into hereditary fiefs, birthing the feudal order and proliferating private castles. The siege of Paris (885–886) highlights civic resilience under Bishop Gozlin and Count Eudes against a vast Viking host, contrasted with imperial impotence, and foreshadows the rise of the Capetians. The narrative then traces Rollo’s investiture in Normandy, the fragmentation of royal authority, and the power plays of Robert, Rudolf, Héribert, and Hugh the Great, through Louis IV and Lothair, to the election of Hugh Capet and his early struggles with Charles of Lorraine—depicting a France where noble power eclipses the crown and the church often arbiters the realm.
The Bābur-nāma in English (Memoirs of Bābur)
Emperor of Hindustan Babur
The Bābur-nāma in English (Memoirs of Bābur)
"The Bābur-nāma in English (Memoirs of Bābur)" by Emperor of Hindustan Babur is a memoir written between 1494-1530 in the Chagatai language. This vivid autobiography chronicles Babur's journey from a young Central Asian prince losing and reclaiming Samarkand to his establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. The work reveals his keen observations on nature, politics, military campaigns, and society, while candidly documenting his personal struggles, including the decisive Battle of Panipat. His grandson Akbar later commissioned lavishly illustrated Persian translations that brought these remarkable events to life.
Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and of the Regency — Complete
Louis de Rouvroy Saint-Simon
Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and of the Regency — Complete
"Memoirs of Louis XIV and His Court and of the Regency — Complete" by Saint-Simon is a detailed historical account likely written in the early 18th century. The work provides an intricate portrait of the court of Louis XIV, focusing on his reign and the subsequent regency, detailing personal experiences and observations from the author's life as a courtier. This extensive memoir covers the author's reflections on royal affairs, political intrigues, and notable events of the period. At the start of the memoirs, the author, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon, introduces himself and offers insight into his early life and entry into the military. He recounts his journey to join the Musketeers and details significant events, such as the siege of Namur and the surrounding hardships faced by his unit due to severe weather. The beginning sets a tone of candid observation, laying out the author's desire to document the complexities of court life, as he also hints at personal ambitions and influences within the royal environment. This blend of personal narrative and historical inquiry invites readers into a vivid exploration of 17th and 18th-century France and the intricacies of its power dynamics.
History of Central America, Volume 2, 1530-1800 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 7
Hubert Howe Bancroft
History of Central America, Volume 2, 1530-1800 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 7
"History of Central America, Volume 2, 1530-1800" by Hubert Howe Bancroft is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This volume continues the exploration and documentation of the events surrounding the Spanish conquests and colonization efforts in Central America during the specified time period, focusing particularly on notable figures like Francisco Pizarro and the impact of their actions on indigenous societies. Bancroft's work provides a detailed overview of the political and social dynamics of the era, enriching readers' understanding of this pivotal chapter in Latin American history. At the start of the volume, the narrative introduces Francisco Pizarro, detailing his tumultuous origins and character as a ruthless conqueror of Peru. The opening discusses Pizarro's early life, including his humble beginnings and his rise to power through opportunism and violence, culminating in his exploits against the Incan Empire during a time of civil strife. The elaborate descriptions of his expeditions, the treachery involved in seizing Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, and the ensuing events illustrate the bloody and ambitious undertakings of the Spanish conquerors and set the stage for the exploration of Central America's complex colonial history.
Renaissance in Italy, Volume 5 (of 7) Italian Literature, Part 2
John Addington Symonds
Renaissance in Italy, Volume 5 (of 7) Italian Literature, Part 2
"Renaissance in Italy, Volume 5" by John Addington Symonds is a historical account written during the late 19th century. The work delves into the rich tapestry of Italian literature during the Renaissance era, exploring prominent authors, significant works, and the cultural context that shaped them. This volume captures the essence of the period, emphasizing its literary contributions and their impact on both Italy and the broader European narrative. The opening of this volume introduces the pivotal themes surrounding key literary figures and their works, particularly focusing on Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Symonds lays the groundwork for understanding how Ariosto's poem expresses the spirit of the Renaissance, contrasting it with Dante's "Divina Commedia" from the Middle Ages. The discussion highlights Ariosto’s stylistic innovations and thematic explorations, encompassing romanticism, chivalry, and the interplay of personal desires against broader societal contexts. Symonds emphasizes how this poetic work stands as a reflection of an age in transition, illustrating the complexities of human emotion and societal ideals that define Ariosto's narrative.
A general history of the pyrates : $b from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence, to the present time
Charles Johnson
A general history of the pyrates : $b from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence, to the present time
"A general history of the pyrates: from their first rise and settlement in the…" by Captain Charles Johnson is a book published in 1724 containing biographies of contemporary pirates. This influential work shaped popular conceptions of piracy, introducing features like buried treasure, the Jolly Roger flag, and mythical portrayals of figures like Blackbeard. Though not a historical primary source, it inspired writers like Robert Louis Stevenson and J.M. Barrie. The true author's identity remains unknown, with theories suggesting Daniel Defoe or publisher Nathaniel Mist.
The Prince
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
"The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli is a political treatise written in 1513. Designed as an instruction guide for new rulers, it boldly argues that immoral acts may sometimes be necessary to achieve political power and glory. Written in Italian rather than Latin, this controversial work breaks from traditional advice literature by focusing on practical effectiveness over abstract ideals. Its unflinching examination of power and leadership challenged the dominant Catholic doctrines of its time and gave birth to the term "Machiavellian."
Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent (vol. 1 of 2)
Alfred von Reumont
Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent (vol. 1 of 2)
"Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent" by Alfred von Reumont is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work delves into the life and times of Lorenzo de' Medici, a significant figure in the Italian Renaissance, exploring the societal and political landscape of Florence during his era. The book likely covers the rise of the Medici family, their influence on commerce, politics, and the arts, as well as the challenges they faced in maintaining power. The opening of the volume sets the stage by describing the historical context of Florence and the Medici family, highlighting the architectural and cultural transformation of the city during the Renaissance. It details the Medici's early positions within the Florentine society, their origins, and the political landscape marked by factional struggles, particularly between the Guelfs and Ghibellines. As it introduces the family’s modest beginnings and the expansive development of Florence, the narrative frames Lorenzo in the context of the broader historical shifts that would define the future of not only his family but of Italy itself.
A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama 1497-1499
Unknown
A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama 1497-1499
"A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499" by Alvaro Velho et al. is a historical account that was likely written in the late 19th century. This work documents the monumental maritime journey undertaken by Vasco da Gama, who was tasked by King Manuel of Portugal to find a sea route to India in search of valuable spices. It offers a meticulous account of the discoveries and experiences of the expedition, highlighting the significance of this voyage in the context of global exploration and trade. The beginning of this journal sets the stage for Vasco da Gama's voyage, commencing on July 8, 1497, as the fleet departs from Restello, Portugal. It vividly describes the crew's experiences as they navigate the Cape Verde islands and the Southern Atlantic, encountering challenges such as storms, equipment failures, and interactions with indigenous peoples. Notably, the narrative captures the vital moments of discovery, the hardships faced, and the cultural exchanges that began to unfold during this historic expedition, crafting a basis for understanding not only the journey itself but also its broader implications in the annals of commerce and exploration.
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 07 of 55 1588-1591 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Close of the Nineteenth Century
Unknown
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 07 of 55 1588-1591 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Close of the Nineteenth Century
"The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 07 of 55" by Emma Helen Blair, James Alexander Robertson, and Edward Gaylord Bourne is a historical account compiled in the early 20th century. This volume focuses on the years 1588 to 1591, detailing the early interactions between European powers and the Philippine archipelago. It addresses essential topics such as the political and economic conditions in the islands, the Catholic missions, and the social dynamics among the local populations and Spanish colonizers. The beginning of this volume lays a foundation for understanding the complex socio-political landscape of the Philippines during the late 16th century. It highlights significant changes such as the suppression of the Audiencia and the appointment of a royal governor, which reflect the evolving governance in the archipelago. Key figures like Bishop Domingo de Salazar and Governor Santiago de Vera emerge through their correspondence with King Felipe II, discussing urgent matters such as the inadequate supply of religious ministers for the natives, conspiracies against Spaniards, and the burgeoning trade with China, which is creating both opportunities and challenges for the colonial administration. The opening portion sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the interplay between indigenous customs and colonial pressures, all framed within the broader historical context of European expansion in Asia.
Renaissance in Italy, Volume 4 (of 7) Italian Literature, Part 1
John Addington Symonds
Renaissance in Italy, Volume 4 (of 7) Italian Literature, Part 1
"Renaissance in Italy, Volume 4 (of 7)" by John Addington Symonds is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work delves into the rich tapestry of Italian literature that emerged during the Renaissance period, exploring its origins and development in relation to the social and political backdrop of Italy between the 14th and 16th centuries. The author adopts an analytical approach, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of how literature serves as a reflection of national character during this transformative era. The opening of the text sets the stage for an in-depth examination of Italian literature's evolution from the Medieval period through the Renaissance. Symonds outlines a chronological framework, dividing the literary history into three distinct sub-periods: the formation of Italian literature, the impact of humanist studies, and the subsequent revival of the vernacular in literary expression. He emphasizes the importance of understanding earlier influences, including Latin culture and the effects of political struggles, to fully grasp the emergence of a cohesive Italian identity and language that marked the Renaissance's literary achievements. The author's intent is to establish a foundation for the detailed discussions that will follow in later chapters, providing readers with context and a multidimensional perspective on Italy's literary heritage.
Ireland under the Tudors, with a Succinct Account of the Earlier History. Vol. 3 (of 3)
Richard Bagwell
Ireland under the Tudors, with a Succinct Account of the Earlier History. Vol. 3 (of 3)
"Ireland Under the Tudors, with a Succinct Account of the Earlier History" by Richard Bagwell is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work documents the complexities of Ireland's political landscape during the Tudor period, focusing on various rebellions, invasions, and the broader context of English rule over Ireland. It aims to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of the historical events and figures that shaped this tumultuous era. The opening of the volume discusses events surrounding the rebellion led by James Fitzmaurice in 1579, providing insights into the papal involvement and the dynamics between various factions within Ireland and abroad. It sets the stage for the socio-political tensions of the time, highlighting key players such as Fitzmaurice and his efforts to secure foreign support for the Irish resistance against English rule. The narrative establishes a backdrop of intrigue, strife, and the persistent struggle for power during a critical point in Irish history.
The Campaigns and History of the Royal Irish Regiment, [v. 1,] from 1684 to 1902
G. le M. (George Le Mesurier) Gretton
The Campaigns and History of the Royal Irish Regiment, [v. 1,] from 1684 to 1902
"The Campaigns and History of the Royal Irish Regiment" by Lieutenant-Colonel G. Le M. Gretton is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The work chronicles the extensive military history and participation of the Royal Irish Regiment from its formation in 1684 through the early 1900s, detailing numerous campaigns across various continents. This volume is likely to appeal to readers interested in military history, particularly that of the British Army and its regiments, showcasing their valor and evolution over centuries. The opening of the book presents a detailed account of the establishment of the Royal Irish Regiment under Charles II in the late 17th century, illustrating the complex political and military contexts in which it was raised. It recounts the regiment's initial loyalty to the Crown during the tumultuous period of James II’s rule, the challenges they faced during the political purges led by William III, and their formative role in the campaigns, cementing their reputation through battles fought in Ireland and abroad. The narrative sets a foundation for understanding the regiment's evolving character as it engages in resilient and courageous actions during various conflicts, thus highlighting their enduring legacy in military history.
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, Vol. 01 (of 10) Cimabue to Agnolo Gaddi
Giorgio Vasari
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, Vol. 01 (of 10) Cimabue to Agnolo Gaddi
"Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, Vol. 01 (of 10)" by Giorgio Vasari is a series of artist biographies published in 1550, with a second edition in 1568. This groundbreaking work chronicles the lives of Italian Renaissance painters, sculptors, and architects, establishing the genre of art history writing. Vasari combines technical insights with colorful anecdotes and gossip about artists from Giotto to his own contemporaries. Though criticized for favoring Florentine artists and containing factual inaccuracies, it remains the most influential and widely read art history text of its era.
De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556
Georg Agricola
De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556
"De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 by Georg Agricola" is a technical treatise published posthumously in 1556. This comprehensive work catalogues Renaissance-era mining, refining, and smelting methods, remaining the authoritative mining text for 180 years. Featuring 292 detailed woodcut illustrations, it documented German mining technology—the most advanced of its time—making specialized knowledge accessible across Europe through Latin publication and practical diagrams that allowed readers to replicate cutting-edge techniques.
The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy
Jacob Burckhardt
The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy
"The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy" by Jacob Burckhardt is a historical work published in 1860. This groundbreaking study examines the Italian Renaissance by capturing the spirit of the age across its main manifestations—politics, manners, religion, art, and social life. Burckhardt explores how the Renaissance shaped the state, developed the individual, revived antiquity, and transformed society. His scholarly judgements have been largely validated by subsequent research, establishing this work as a classic of Renaissance historiography.
The Augsburg Confession The confession of faith, which was submitted to His Imperial Majesty Charles V at the diet of Augsburg in the year 1530
Philipp Melanchthon
The Augsburg Confession The confession of faith, which was submitted to His Imperial Majesty Charles V at the diet of Augsburg in the year 1530
"The Augsburg Confession" by Philipp Melanchthon is a confession of faith presented in 1530. Written in both German and Latin, this foundational document of the Lutheran Church was presented at the Diet of Augsburg to Emperor Charles V, who sought to restore religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire. The confession contains twenty-eight articles outlining Lutheran beliefs and addressing perceived abuses in the Catholic Church. Its public reading marked a defining moment in the Protestant Reformation, establishing the theological principles that would shape Lutheran Christianity.
Manners, Customs, and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period
P. L. Jacob
Manners, Customs, and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period
"Manners, Customs, and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period" by Paul Lacroix (Bibliophile Jacob) is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work explores the intricate tapestry of social behaviors, traditions, and fashion that characterized life during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, offering insight into the evolution of various customs reflective of broader societal changes. The opening of the book serves as a preface where the author outlines the rationale and importance behind the study of manners and customs from these periods, asserting the significance of art and culture as expressions of societal values. Lacroix discusses the chaotic disorganization that marked the early Middle Ages, characterized by a blend of Roman, Germanic, and Christian influences that led to feudalism and a complex social hierarchy. Essential themes include the transformation of roles within this evolving society, the gradual shift from servitude to freedom, and the rich array of customs that illustrate daily life, from royalty to peasantry. The text prepares the reader for a detailed exploration of how historical factors shaped the lives of ordinary people and the nobility alike.
Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period Illustrative Documents
Unknown
Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period Illustrative Documents
"Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period" by J. Franklin Jameson is a historical account published in the early 20th century. The work compiles a collection of original documents that shed light on privateering and piracy as they relate to the American colonial experience. The book explores the significance of these maritime activities not just as acts of violence or commerce, but as crucial components of economic life and military strategy during the colonial era. The opening of the volume outlines the purpose of the collection, emphasizing the importance and often overlooked aspects of maritime history during the colonial period. It explains that the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America commissioned the work to provide access to previously unprinted historical documents that reflect both privateering and piracy. It highlights the legal distinctions and practical overlaps between these two practices while introducing the documents that will follow, each illuminating different facets of maritime activities and their impact on colonial America.
History of Central America, Volume 1, 1501-1530 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 6
Hubert Howe Bancroft
History of Central America, Volume 1, 1501-1530 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 6
"History of Central America, Volume 1, 1501-1530" by Hubert Howe Bancroft is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This work chronicles the early interactions between Europeans and the indigenous civilizations of Central America, detailing the conquests and colonization processes that took place from the early 16th century onwards. Bancroft aims to present a comprehensive history that covers significant events, key figures, and the sociopolitical dynamics of the region during this transformative period. The opening of this volume sets the stage for Bancroft's extensive narrative by explaining the framework and intent behind his research. He references his previous work, "The Native Races of the Pacific States," and outlines his comprehensive approach to chronicle the history of Central America and its neighboring territories. The author emphasizes the importance of a factual and thorough historical record, mentioning the methodologies adopted in his research, which include extensive collection of documents, sources, and insights drawn from various manuscripts. The preface serves not only as an introduction to the author's extensive undertaking but also reflects his commitment to providing an accurate and equitable account of the cultural and historical legacies that shaped Central America following European contact.
Cassell's History of England, Vol. 4 (of 8) From the Fall of Marlborough to the Peninsular War
Anonymous
Cassell's History of England, Vol. 4 (of 8) From the Fall of Marlborough to the Peninsular War
"Cassell's History of England, Vol. 4 (of 8)" by Anonymous is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This volume continues the detailed narrative of England's history, focusing specifically on the period from the reign of Queen Anne to the early years of George III, leading up to the American Revolution. The book captures the political intrigues, military conflicts, and significant events that shaped England and its relations with other nations during this transformative era. The opening of the text delves into the end of Queen Anne's reign, detailing the political maneuverings involved in the peace negotiations at Utrecht, where Britain and its allies sought to secure their interests against France. The narrative describes the internal conflicts within the government, the changing alliances, and the bitter struggles between Whigs and Tories. It paints a vivid picture of the era's diplomatic challenges, military strategies, and the looming presence of the Pretender, revealing how the alliances formed during this period laid the groundwork for future conflicts and shaping modern England.
France and England in North America, Part III: La Salle, Discovery of The Great West
Francis Parkman
France and England in North America, Part III: La Salle, Discovery of The Great West
"France and England in North America, Part III: La Salle, Discovery of The Great West" by Francis Parkman is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The book delves into the exploration of North America during the 17th century, focusing on the life and adventures of Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, and the French endeavors in the Great West. Parkman's narrative combines detailed historical accounts with vivid storytelling, illuminating the early encounters between Native Americans and European explorers. At the start of this work, the author introduces La Salle, detailing his early life, education, and ambitions as he journeys from France to Canada. It highlights La Salle's connections with the Jesuits and his aspirations for exploration, particularly in search of a western passage to India. The opening sets the stage for La Salle's encounters with various Native tribes, his struggles for survival in the wilderness, and his unwavering determination to penetrate the unknown territories of the continent, reflecting a pivotal moment in the history of North American exploration.
1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
Francis Grose
1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
"1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" by Francis Grose is a lexicon of slang and colloquial expressions compiled in the early 19th century. The book provides an extensive collection of terms used by various social classes, particularly focusing on the jargon of the lower orders of society, including thieves, pickpockets, and bawds, as well as terms from university slang. The work aims to document and make comprehensible the colorful and often bawdy language that characterized the period. At the start of this dictionary, we are introduced to the premise that Captain Grose’s original work has been revised and expanded with modern additions to better reflect the changing vernacular. The preface discusses the need for understanding the unique slang used by different social groups, emphasizing that the wealthy and fashionable were developing their own vulgarisms. Grose argues for the moral significance of understanding these terms, suggesting that the dictionary will help mitigate the influence of vulgar language in wider society, particularly among women. The opening also includes examples of terms from the dictionary, illustrating a diverse array of entries ranging from playful to risqué, showcasing the vibrant linguistic fabric of the time.
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)
Jean Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)
"Institutes of the Christian Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)" by Jean Calvin is a work of systematic theology first published in Latin in 1536. Written initially as an introductory textbook on Protestant doctrine, it defends Reformation believers against persecution and false accusations of heresy. Calvin covers fundamental Christian teachings including the Ten Commandments, sacraments, and justification by faith, while vigorously challenging Roman Catholic doctrine. Expanding through multiple editions until 1559, it became the foundational text for Reformed churches and remains one of Protestantism's most influential theological works.
A Short History of Italy (476-1900)
Henry Dwight Sedgwick
A Short History of Italy (476-1900)
"A Short History of Italy (476-1900)" by Henry Dwight Sedgwick is a historical account penned in the early 20th century. This work aims to provide an overview of Italy's history, particularly focusing on its evolution from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West through significant periods such as the Ostrogoths, Lombards, and the Renaissance. Sedgwick emphasizes key themes like the Papacy, the Renaissance, and the Risorgimento, presenting influential figures and moments that shaped Italy's distinctive landscape. At the start of the narrative, the author introduces the monumental event of 476 A.D., when Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the West, was deposed by a Barbarian general, symbolizing the collapse of Roman authority in Italy. Sedgwick delves into the stark contrasts between the Roman Empire’s rich civilization and the simpler, tribal society of the invading Barbarians. He illustrates societal fragmentation and the rise of the Church as a prominent force in a time of chaos, setting the stage for a complex interplay between different factions throughout Italy's history. This opening effectively lays the groundwork for exploring Italy's subsequent developments, foreshadowing the key transitions and conflicts to come.