Subject
Conduct of life -- Early works to 1800 Books
Best books
Epictetus
The Enchiridion
"The Enchiridion" by Epictetus is a manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled in the early 2nd century by Arrian, a disciple of the Greek philosopher. This concise handbook distills practical precepts for achieving mental freedom and happiness in all circumstances. It teaches readers to distinguish between what lies within their control and what does not, emphasizing that judgments, not external events, disturb people. Through vivid imagery and everyday examples, the work guides students toward flourishing in both favorable and adverse situations by developing the capacities of the human spirit.
Ptahhotep
The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Instruction of Ke'Gemni The Oldest Books in the World
"The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Instruction of Ke'Gemni" by Ptahhotep et al. is a collection of ancient Egyptian didactic texts, considered among the oldest books in the world, written during the early 3rd millennium BC. This work serves as a compilation of moral aphorisms and practical advice on various aspects of life, showcasing the values and social norms of ancient Egyptian society. The texts are part of the broader genre of wisdom literature, focusing on themes of ethics, conduct, and interpersonal relations. The book is divided into two main parts: first, "The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep," which offers practical wisdom on a wide range of topics, including humility, kindness, and the importance of good speech. It emphasizes the value of learning and respectful communication, advising readers to be gracious and just in their interactions. The second part, "The Instruction of Ke'Gemni," focuses more on the proper conduct at social gatherings and the importance of restraint and moderation in personal behavior. Together, these texts not only reflect the moral teachings of their time but also provide insights into the cultural priorities of ancient Egypt, highlighting universal themes of human behavior and ethics that resonate through the ages.
Benjamin Franklin
The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 1 [of 3]
"The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin" is a comprehensive collection of writings by Benjamin Franklin, likely compiled and published in the early 19th century. This work encompasses a range of themes reflective of Franklin's contributions to philosophy, politics, and ethical considerations drawn from his life experiences and observations. The collection aims to present a systematic and thorough collection of his works, touching upon his thoughts and insights across various subjects. At the start of the collection, readers are introduced to Franklin's autobiography, where he reflects on his family history, upbringing, and journey from humble beginnings to a prominent position in society. He shares anecdotes about his childhood, education, and early work experiences, emphasizing the role of providence and personal initiative in his success. The opening portions highlight his passion for reading and writing, his industrious nature, and the foundational values instilled in him by his parents. Franklin candidly recounts the obstacles he faced, his interactions with family members, and pivotal moments that shaped his character and ambitions.
Anonymous
Le ménagier de Paris (v. 1 & 2)
"Le ménagier de Paris (v. 1 & 2)" by Anonymous is a French medieval guidebook written in 1393. Written in the voice of an elderly husband addressing his younger wife, it instructs women on proper behavior in marriage and household management. The work combines advice on attaining the love of God and husband, increasing household prosperity, and social entertainment. It includes sexual guidance, recipes, gardening tips, and draws on tales like Griselda and Lucretia to illustrate wifely obedience and domestic duty.
Benjamin Franklin
The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 3 [of 3]
"The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin" is a philosophical and political compilation written in the early 19th century. This extensive collection is a treasure trove of Franklin's thoughts and writings, particularly focusing on his ideas about governance, civic responsibility, and the nature of human society. Given Franklin's role as a key figure in American history, the work delves into the critical political matters leading up to the American Revolution and beyond, highlighting the evolution of thought during a pivotal period in history. At the start of the compilation, the reader is introduced to the "Albany Papers," which outline Franklin's proposal for a union among the American colonies during a time when unity was essential for defense against external threats, particularly from the French. Franklin reflects on the difficulties faced by the colonies due to their disjointedness and advocates for a collaborative approach to governance that includes establishing a Grand Council. He presents arguments against partial unions and emphasizes the necessity for a robust central authority to facilitate cooperation and mutual defense among the colonies, providing a clear glimpse into the political landscape and challenges of the era.
Benjamin Franklin
The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 2 [of 3]
"The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin" is a comprehensive collection of writings by Benjamin Franklin, most likely compiled in the early 19th century. This multi-volume set encompasses a wide range of topics, including philosophical musings, political writings, and moral reflections. With letters, papers on various scientific subjects, and philosophical arguments, the work seeks to present Franklin's significant contributions to Enlightenment thought and American political philosophy. The opening of this work includes a transcriber’s note and details indicating that it is the second volume of a three-volume set. It presents Franklin’s approach to scientific inquiry, showcasing his methods of observation and explanation regarding meteorological phenomena, including air and water interactions. The text specifically includes discussions of concepts like air pressure, the behavior of water, and the nature of whirlwinds and water-spouts, revealing Franklin's penchant for meticulous observation and logical reasoning during a time when scientific understanding was rapidly evolving.
Philip Dormer Stanhope Chesterfield
Principles of politeness, and of knowing the world
"Principles of Politeness, and of Knowing the World" by Chesterfield is a guidebook focused on etiquette and social conduct written in the late 18th century. The work aims to instruct young gentlemen on how to navigate society with grace and charm, detailing the qualities necessary to be well-received in various social circles. It is intended not only as a resource for personal improvement but also serves as an educational tool, particularly for the youth of the time. The opening of the work sets the stage for its comprehensive examination of manners, emphasizing the importance of modesty, good-breeding, and a gentleman's conduct in social situations. Chesterfield begins with an exploration of modesty as a key trait for acceptance, distinguishing it from bashfulness and highlighting the value an assured demeanor holds in company. He stresses that good-breeding is not merely the absence of rudeness but an active form of respect and attentiveness, serving as a cornerstone for social interaction. Chesterfield also provides insights into the significance of maintaining proper decorum, illustrating the consequences of both good and bad manners through various examples.
M. de Moncrif
Essais sur la necessité et les moyens de plaire
"Essais sur la nécessité et les moyens de plaire" by François-Augustin Paradis de Moncrif is a treatise published in 1738. This work explores the art of pleasing others in society—whether to gain esteem, cultivate friendship, or simply be agreeable company. Moncrif argues that understanding human flaws like selfishness and vanity is essential, and that the desire to please is a categorical imperative above all else. The work attracted international attention and was translated into German, English, Italian, and Spanish.
Mencius
孟子
"孟子 by Mencius" is a philosophical text believed to have been written during the late 4th century BC. This collection of conversations and anecdotes follows Mencius as he travels across the Warring States period, engaging rulers and students in debates about moral and political philosophy. The work explores his famous theory of natural goodness—that all humans possess innate virtues like sprouts that can be cultivated. Through dialogues with contemporaries, Mencius develops Confucian ideas about benevolent governance and human nature's intrinsic compassion, creating one of China's most influential classical texts.
Joannes Sulpitius Verulanus
Des bonnes moeurs et honnestes contenances que doit garder un jeune homme, tant à table qu'ailleurs, avec autres notables enseignemens Oeuvre composé premierement en latin par M. Jean Sulpice de Saint-Alban, dit Verulan. Et nouvellement tourné & traduit en rime françoise par paraphrase par M. Pierre Broë practicien de Tournon sur le Rhosne
"Des bonnes moeurs et honnestes contenances que doit garder un jeune homme, tant à table qu'ailleurs, avec autres notables enseignemens" by Jean Sulpice de Saint Alban, also known as Verulan, is a guidebook written in the late 16th century. This work, originally composed in Latin and later translated into French verse by Pierre Broë, focuses on etiquette and moral conduct for young men, emphasizing the importance of maintaining good manners in various social situations, particularly at the dining table. The book presents a series of precepts designed to guide young men in their behavior, appearance, and interactions with others. It outlines specific advice on topics such as personal grooming, table manners, and the importance of moderation, humility, and courtesy in conversation. Through a structured approach, the author conveys the value of good character and social respect, urging the reader to adopt these teachings to achieve personal dignity and societal respect. Overall, it serves as an instructive manual on civility and virtue, aimed at preparing young men for respectable conduct in both public and private life.
Unknown
De Duodecim Abusionibus Sæculi
"De Duodecim Abusionibus Sæculi" by Saint Patrick is a Hiberno-Latin treatise written between 630 and 700 by an anonymous Irish author. This influential work examines social and political morality through twelve specific abuses that threaten the proper order of society. Though attributed to various Church Fathers in medieval manuscripts, the text draws extensively from biblical sources and shaped political thought throughout Europe. Its ninth abuse, concerning the unjust king, proved particularly influential on Carolingian mirrors for princes and later medieval political literature.
Anonymous
Diffinição da sécia
"Diffinição da sécia" by Anonymous is a satirical text likely written in the 18th century. This work serves as a humorous exploration of human foolishness and pretentiousness, particularly focusing on the concept of "sécia" which can be interpreted as arrogance or affectation among various social classes. The book critiques the behaviors and attitudes of individuals who engage in hollow displays of knowledge or status. In this text, the author presents an extensive range of characters, including scholars, poets, judges, and women, all embodying different forms of "sécia." Each character is depicted with exaggerated traits that highlight their pretentiousness and ignorance, revealing a society obsessed with appearances and social status rather than genuine substance. From the insecure noble who boasts of lineage to the self-important poet who lacks true talent, the narratives satirically expose the absurdities of their behaviors. Ultimately, "Diffinição da sécia" serves as a reflection on the nature of societal vanity, encouraging readers to question the authenticity behind the façades people uphold.
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