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Criticism Books
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Biographia Literaria
"Biographia Literaria" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a critical autobiography published in 1817. Part memoir, part philosophical treatise, this unconventional work explores Coleridge's intellectual journey from associationist psychology to a belief in imagination as an active, creative force. Through playful, meditative prose, he critiques William Wordsworth's poetic theories, distinguishes between imagination and fancy, and grapples with German philosophy to define how the mind shapes reality—offering the famous concept of "willing suspension of disbelief."
Alexander Pope
An Essay on Criticism
"An Essay on Criticism" by Alexander Pope is a major poem published in 1711. Composed in heroic couplets, this verse essay examines how writers and critics should behave in the literary world of Pope's time. The poem offers advice on good criticism while warning against common faults, emphasizing imitation of ancient writers like Homer and Virgil as the ultimate standard for taste. It's the source of enduring quotations including "To err is human; to forgive, divine" and "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread."
T. S. (Thomas Stearns) Eliot
The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism
"The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism" by T. S. Eliot is a collection of literary essays written in the early 20th century. The work explores various aspects of poetry and criticism, reflecting Eliot's thoughts on the evolution of literary practices and the roles of the poet and critic in society. It discusses the importance of tradition, the relationship between old and new works, and the proper function of criticism within literature. The opening portion introduces Eliot’s perspective on literary criticism through a reflection on Matthew Arnold and the Romantic Generation. He critiques the overemphasis of personal sentiment in criticism and the tendency of critics to stray from the essential task of comprehending literature itself. Eliot articulates his belief that true criticism should involve a historical awareness, recognizing the influence of past works on contemporary literature. He emphasizes the necessity to engage with the entire literary tradition, arguing that a poet’s value is inherently tied to their understanding of and relationship with both contemporary and historical texts. This sets the stage for a deeper investigation into the nature of poetic expression and the critic's role in articulating and preserving the art form.
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Famous Reviews, Selected and Edited with Introductory Notes by R. Brimley Johnson
"Famous Reviews" by R. Brimley Johnson is a critical compilation of renowned literary reviews selected and edited from various historical sources, created in the early 20th century. This collection includes significant critiques from outlets such as the Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Review, covering a range of authors, including Wordsworth, Southey, and Byron, among others. The reviews offer insights into the evolving perspectives on literary merit, taste, and the role of critics in shaping public opinion about notable literary works throughout the history of English literature. The opening of "Famous Reviews" sets the stage for a deep exploration of literary criticism by discussing the historical context and development of review journalism. Johnson reflects on the shifting nature of criticism, highlighting the rise of prominent reviewers and their often polarizing opinions about contemporaneous authors. The introduction provides a rich background that contextualizes the subsequent selections, which feature excerpts of reviews that combine sharp analysis with personal anecdotes and impressions that illustrate the critics’ broader viewpoints on artistry, style, and the cultural landscape of their times. Through this, readers are invited not only to assess the worth of various literary figures but also to consider the critic's influence in the literary sphere.
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English Critical Essays: Nineteenth Century
"English Critical Essays: Nineteenth Century" by Edmund D. Jones is a collection of essays focusing on English literary criticism from the 19th century. This compilation reflects the significant evolution of critical thought during that period, particularly emphasizing the transition from Neo-classical traditions toward Romantic principles in poetry and literary expression. A central theme includes the exploration of poetry's purpose, language, and its connection to emotion and nature. The opening of this work features a preface explaining its objectives in compiling critical essays that illustrate the landscape of literary thought during the 19th century. It highlights the importance of the Romantic Movement, sparked by key events like the publication of "Lyrical Ballads," and introduces prominent figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The essays included aim to discuss general principles of literary criticism rather than focus on specific authors or texts, with an intention to represent critiques of poetry's language and forms. Thus, this collection serves as both an anthology of 19th-century critical thought and a commentary on the changing nature of literature itself.
Joel Elias Spingarn
A History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance With special reference to the influence of Italy in the formation and development of modern classicism
"A History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance" by Joel Elias Spingarn is a scholarly exploration of literary criticism as it developed during the Renaissance, written in the late 19th century. The work primarily examines the influence of Italian criticism on the formation and evolution of modern classicism, with a detailed focus on the critical activities from Dante to Tasso, Du Bellay to Boileau, and Ascham to Milton. The central theme of the book seeks to address how the Renaissance redefined the appreciation of imaginative literature, stressing the importance of beauty and aesthetic consciousness in the evolution of literary criticism. The opening of the essay outlines its intention to trace the history of literary criticism in the Renaissance, dividing it into three main sects: Italian, French, and English criticism. It begins by discussing the mediæval distrust of literature and the necessity for the Renaissance to validate imaginative works. Spingarn articulates the philosophical debates surrounding poetry's justification, establishing the groundwork for modern critical thought by contrasting it with medieval perspectives. Additionally, he emphasizes the return to ancient ideals and the role of Italian humanism as pivotal to the development of the classic spirit in modern literature.
I. A. (Ivor Armstrong) Richards
Principles of literary criticism
"Principles of Literary Criticism" by I. A. Richards is a scholarly work on literary criticism written in the early 20th century. The book dissects various critical theories, positing that a comprehensive understanding of literature must be rooted in psychological principles and theories of value. Richards aims to clarify how we evaluate art, noting the importance of communication in all forms of artistic expression. The opening of the work serves as both an introduction and a commentary on the current state of critique in the arts. It points out the chaotic landscape of existing literary theories, where despite the accessibility of artistic experiences, there remains a lack of coherent understanding surrounding the value of these experiences. Richards critiques past and contemporary critics, suggesting that while they have made notable observations, they often fail to answer the fundamental question of what makes an artistic experience valuable. Instead of providing mere conjectures, he argues for a systematic exploration through psychology, aiming for a critical framework that can properly organize and evaluate artistic ventures.
Matthew Arnold
Essays in criticism : $b First and second series complete
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Arthur Machen
Hieroglyphics
"Hieroglyphics" by Arthur Machen is a collection of literary reflections written in the early 20th century. The text is framed as a series of conversations that explore the nature of literature and the essence of fine writing through the musings of an enigmatic character referred to as "the Hermit." The work delves into profound themes regarding art, literature, and the human experience. The opening portion of "Hieroglyphics" introduces the narrator's friendship with the Hermit, a reclusive figure who engages in deep philosophical discussions about life and literature. Their meetings occur in a dim, atmospheric room filled with an air of mystique, emphasizing the solitude that the Hermit has chosen. The initial conversation revolves around the significance of journalism and literature, pondering the criteria that determine what constitutes true literary value. The Hermit's belief in the concept of "ecstasy" as a hallmark of fine literature leads to inquiries about the relationship between art and commercialism, ultimately establishing a foundation for the book’s exploration of the higher ideals of literary expression.
F. V. N. (Franklin Verzelius Newton) Painter
Elementary Guide to Literary Criticism
"Elementary Guide to Literary Criticism" by F. V. N. Painter is a practical guidebook intended for students in the field of literary criticism, likely written in the early 20th century. This work aims to provide a structured approach for analyzing different forms of literature, examining essential elements such as content, form, and the spirit of literary works. It serves as a resource that enhances the understanding of literary critique, making literary study more accessible and enjoyable for learners. At the start of the book, Painter outlines the objectives and aims of literary study, highlighting its threefold purpose: knowledge, pleasure, and culture. He emphasizes the importance of comprehending a work before criticizing it, detailing how literary criticism should judge a piece by established standards rather than personal bias. The author also reflects on the historical context of literary criticism, illustrating its evolution, the relationship between an author and their work, and the various elements that contribute to the art of criticism. Through such discussions, Painter lays a foundational understanding for students, equipping them with tools necessary for appreciating and analyzing literature effectively.
William Dean Howells
Criticism and Fiction
"Criticism and Fiction" by William Dean Howells is a critical examination of literary theory and aesthetics, written during the late 19th century. This text delves into the relationship between art and the appreciation of literature, posing essential questions regarding the criteria for evaluating artistic merit in a world where tastes and fashions are ever-changing. The author discusses how true beauty and goodness lie in the unpretentious and sincere, and he advocates for literature that faithfully reflects life over that which conforms to established ideals. The beginning of "Criticism and Fiction" explores the themes of changing tastes in art and literature, using the works of historical figures such as John Addington Symonds and Edmund Burke to illustrate its arguments. Howells reflects on the superficial nature of popular fashions, emphasizing the importance of truth and simplicity in artistic expression. He critiques prevailing literary standards that often favor romanticized or idealized portrayals of life while advocating for a realism that mirrors true human experience. Throughout this opening section, Howells establishes his standpoint that the most meaningful art stems from an honest representation of life rather than the pursuit of artificial perfection or adherence to outdated conventions.
William Dean Howells
Short Stories and Essays (from Literature and Life)
"Short Stories and Essays (from Literature and Life)" by William Dean Howells is a collection of narratives exploring various facets of life, culture, and society, likely penned in the late 19th century. The essays and stories delve into social observations, personal reflections, and portrayals of everyday life, drawing on the realities of human experience as Howells presents a tapestry of American life through his adept literary lens. The opening portion introduces the essay "Worries of a Winter Walk," where the narrator recounts a cold winter morning in a bustling tenement area. Through vivid imagery, he describes the stark contrast of a lonely, frigid street against the warmth of human bustle usually present. The narrator encounters a small child eagerly fetching coal and is struck by her practicality and resilience, highlighting the harsh realities faced by children of the working class. As he reflects on this scene, he grapples with the moral complexity of using real-life situations as material for fiction, leading to deeper questions of empathy and responsibility toward those in need. This introspective exploration sets the tone for the collection, inviting readers to engage thoughtfully with the lives and struggles depicted within.
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