Subject
Political science -- Early works to 1800 Books
Best books
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan
"Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes is a philosophical treatise published in 1651. Written during the English Civil War, it explores the structure of society and legitimate government through social contract theory. Hobbes argues that humanity's natural state is a brutal "war of all against all," driven by individual appetites and the fear of violent death. Only a strong, absolute sovereign can prevent civil war and chaos by uniting both secular and spiritual power. This influential work presents a materialistic view of human nature and political order.
John Locke
Second Treatise of Government
"Second Treatise of Government" by John Locke is a political philosophy work published in 1689. Writing anonymously during England's turbulent revolution, Locke outlines a radical vision of society founded on natural rights and government by consent rather than divine authority. His ideas challenge the established order, arguing that legitimate power flows from the people, not kings claiming God-given rule. This foundational text of liberal political theory emerged from dangerous conspiracies and exile, so controversial that Locke never acknowledged authorship during his lifetime.
Plato
The Republic
"The Republic" by Plato is a Socratic dialogue written around 375 BC. Through conversations between Socrates and various Athenians, the work explores the meaning of justice and whether the just person is happier than the unjust. Socrates examines existing forms of government and proposes an ideal city-state ruled by philosopher-kings. The dialogue ranges across profound questions: the nature of the soul, the role of poetry, love, aging, and the purpose of political power itself.
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine is a pamphlet published in January 1776 advocating independence from Great Britain for the Thirteen Colonies. Written in clear, persuasive prose, Paine presents moral and political arguments to encourage common people to fight for egalitarian government. Published anonymously at the American Revolution's beginning, it became an immediate sensation—the best-selling American title of all time. Paine connected independence with Protestant beliefs and structured his work like a sermon, making the first serious case for full independence when reconciliation still dominated colonial thinking.
Plato
The Republic of Plato
"The Republic of Plato" by Plato is a Socratic dialogue written around 375 BC. In this foundational work of philosophy and political theory, Socrates debates the nature of justice with Athenians and foreigners, asking whether the just person is happier than the unjust. The discussion ranges from definitions of justice to the design of an ideal city-state ruled by philosopher-kings, exploring aging, love, the soul's immortality, and poetry's role in society along the way.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The social contract & discourses
"The Social Contract & Discourses" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a foundational work of political philosophy written in the late 18th century. The text explores the relationship between individuals and the state, examining how legitimate political authority can be established and justified. Central to Rousseau's argument is the idea of the social contract, which posits that individuals collectively agree to form a society that is governed by the general will aimed at the common good. At the start of the work, Rousseau provocatively states, “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains,” indicating his exploration of how social and political structures often oppress human freedom. He questions the legitimacy of authority derived from force and differentiates between natural and societal bonds, suggesting that while the family represents the first natural society, political institutions must be based on mutual consent and conventions. By delving into these themes, Rousseau sets the stage for a deeper inquiry into the nature of freedom, the role of government, and the principles that underpin legitimate social orders.
Aristotle
Politics: A Treatise on Government
"Politics: A Treatise on Government" by Aristotle is a work of political philosophy written in the 4th century BC. Aristotle examines how people should best live together in communities, particularly the polis or city-state. Drawing on research of 158 constitutions, he uses an evidence-based approach to explore the nature of political communities, household relationships, citizenship, and controversial questions about slavery and justice. The work bridges ethics and politics in Aristotle's philosophy of human affairs.
Plato
Laws
"Laws" by Plato is a dialogue written in ancient Greece as Plato's final work. Three elderly men journey to Zeus's cave, debating who deserves credit for establishing laws. When one traveler reveals he must create laws for a new colony, they spend their journey designing an entire legal system for the imagined city of Magnesia. Through twelve books, they explore divine law, education, criminal justice, and the nature of soul, creating a vision distinct from Plato's earlier Republic.
Plato
Gorgias
"Gorgias" by Plato is a Socratic dialogue written around 380 BC. Through probing questions at a dinner gathering, Socrates challenges self-proclaimed teachers of rhetoric about the true nature of their craft. Is rhetoric an art or merely flattery? Can persuasive speech be moral without philosophy? The dialogue explores whether the power of words serves truth and justice, or simply pleasure and political advantage, as Socrates confronts the celebrated rhetoricians of Athens.
Edmund Burke
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 01 (of 12)
"The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 01 (of 12)" by Edmund Burke is a collection of political and philosophical writings, likely composed in the late 18th century. The volume presents a critical exploration of societal structures and norms through various essays and letters, reflecting Burke's insights on the nature of government, society, and human behavior. Readers can expect an examination of the consequent evils arising from artificial societal constructs and a call for a return to natural society. At the start of this collection, the editor provides an overview of Burke's work and intentions, highlighting his reluctance to compile his writings during his lifetime. The initial essay, "A Vindication of Natural Society," introduces the central theme of the volume: the critique of artificial societal constructs and the associated moral consequences. Burke posits that while humans have created complex societies, they often lead to oppression and tyranny, and he uses historical examples of civil unrest and warfare to illustrate the destructive outcomes of political systems. The opening sets the stage for a broader discourse on the relationship between human nature, governance, and the inherent flaws of political order.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Cicero's Tusculan Disputations Also, Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods, And On The Commonwealth
"Cicero's Tusculan Disputations" by Marcus Tullius Cicero is a philosophical work written around 45 BC. Composed while mourning his daughter's death, Cicero presents five dialogues exploring fundamental questions of human existence: conquering the fear of death, enduring pain, alleviating sorrow, managing emotional turmoil, and determining whether virtue alone ensures happiness. Drawing heavily on Greek philosophy, particularly Stoicism, Cicero crafts persuasive arguments that challenge conventional views on suffering and fortune, offering timeless wisdom for fortifying the mind against life's inevitable hardships.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius
"Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius" by Niccolò Machiavelli is a work of political history and philosophy written around 1517. Using the first ten books of Livy's ancient Roman history as a foundation, Machiavelli examines how past civilizations can teach lessons for contemporary politics. He explores different forms of government, the cycles of political greatness, and Rome's evolution into a republic. Through 142 chapters, Machiavelli argues that studying history reveals timeless principles about power, leadership, and the common good.
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