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Voltaire, 1694-1778 Books
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Evelyn Beatrice Hall
The life of Voltaire
"The Life of Voltaire" by Evelyn Beatrice Hall is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This biography explores the life and times of one of history's most influential philosophers and writers, François-Marie Arouet, who is better known as Voltaire. It covers his early years, his rise in literary and intellectual circles, and examines the pivotal moments and relationships that shaped his thoughts and writings. The opening of the book establishes Voltaire's frail beginnings, detailing his birth into a comfortable bourgeois family in Paris in 1694. It introduces significant figures in his early life, including his father, a notary, and his godfather, the abbé Châteauneuf, who provided him with early education and exposure to free thought. The narrative highlights Voltaire's precocious intellect and his formative experiences, including the influence of the salon culture and the relationships with notable figures such as Ninon de l'Enclos and J. B. Rousseau. These elements set the stage for his future as a writer and philosopher who would challenge the societal norms of his time through his wit, satire, and commitment to reason.
J. M. (Joseph Mazzini) Wheeler
Voltaire: A Sketch of His Life and Works
"Voltaire: A Sketch of His Life and Works" by J. M. Wheeler and G. W. Foote is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This work presents an overview of the life and contributions of the influential French philosopher Voltaire, alongside selected excerpts from his writings. The authors aim to explore Voltaire's role as a freethinker and reformer who championed reason and tolerance against the oppressive forces of his time. The opening portion of the book sets the stage for Voltaire's life, introducing him as François Marie Arouet, born in Paris in 1604. It describes his early struggles, including resistance from his father to pursue a literary career, leading to his eventual path of exile and conflict with authority due to his sharp wit and critique of the government and religious institutions. Through anecdotes, the narrative illustrates his inclination towards satire and criticism, detailing initial interactions with the aristocracy that showcase his bold character. This segment establishes a foundation for comprehending the profound impact Voltaire would have on ideas of freedom, reason, and humanity throughout history.
John Morley
Voltaire
"Voltaire" by John Morley is a historical account written in the late 19th century. This work delves into the life, ideas, and influence of the pivotal Enlightenment thinker, Voltaire, exploring how his contributions reshaped modern thought in France and beyond. Morley highlights Voltaire's role as a champion of reason and critic of religious dogma, painting him as a complex figure central to the intellectual upheaval of his time. The opening of the text sets the stage for an exploration of Voltaire's significance, portraying him as a transformative and formidable intellectual force. It underscores the profound impact of his ideas on freedom of thought and critical inquiry, positioning him alongside other major historical movements such as the Renaissance. Moreover, it discusses Voltaire's capacity to evoke strong reactions from both supporters and critics, situating his legacy as a necessary, albeit controversial, catalyst for change in European society.
Arsène Houssaye
Le roi Voltaire
"Le roi Voltaire" by Arsène Houssaye is a historical account written in the mid-19th century. The book explores the life and legacy of the iconic Enlightenment thinker Voltaire, examining his impact on philosophy, literature, and society as a whole. The narrative reflects on his childhood, youth, and the friendships and controversies that defined his later years, illustrating how he became a figurehead of reason and skepticism in a time rife with superstition and tyranny. The opening of "Le roi Voltaire" introduces the enigmatic nature of Voltaire, beginning with reflections from a character who recognizes Voltaire’s unique genius and insatiable spirit. It presents his formative years, mentioning both his rebelliousness and his brilliance, illustrating the magnetic charm he held even as a child. The text then shifts to the influence of powerful figures such as Ninon de Lenclos, who foresaw Voltaire's tumultuous impact on the world, questioning how the budding genius would wield his powers of intellect and rebellion. This opening establishes an engaging tone that promises a blend of historical facts and literary embellishments, as it delves into the life of a man destined to challenge the status quo and reshape human thought.
Gaston Maugras
La Cour de Lunéville au XVIIIe siècle Les marquises de Boufflers et du Châtelet, Voltaire, Devau, Saint-Lambert, etc.
"La Cour de Lunéville au XVIIIe siècle" by Gaston Maugras is a historical account likely written in the early 20th century. This work delves into the court life of Lorraine during the reign of Duke Léopold and the complexities of his relationships, particularly focusing on the prominent figures such as the Marquise de Boufflers and Madame du Châtelet. The narrative promises an engaging exploration of the social customs, political intrigues, and romantic entanglements of the court in this vibrant era. The opening of the book sets the stage by depicting the joyous atmosphere of Lunéville in 1698 as Léopold returns to reclaim his ancestral duchy. Celebrations abound, highlighting the hope for a brighter future after decades of oppression and woe. Maugras introduces key characters, particularly Léopold, whose youthful charm endears him to the populace, and foreshadows his tumultuous relationships, notably with Madame de Craon, who becomes a significant influence in his life. This segment captures the essence of the court's dynamics and the shifting fortunes of both the land and its leaders, setting a rich context for the developments to come.
Georg Brandes
Voltaire
"Voltaire" by Georg Brandes is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work serves as an exploration of the life and impact of the French Enlightenment writer and philosopher Voltaire, examining his significance in literature, culture, and society during his time. It highlights Voltaire's contributions, his conflicts with authority, and his literary prowess, positioning him as a leading figure in 18th-century thought. The opening of the work emphasizes Voltaire's unique place in the literary canon, suggesting that he stands among only a few authors who have transcended national boundaries to influence world history. It portrays Voltaire as a figure of brilliance and vigor, likening him to historical giants like Cicero, while also acknowledging the controversies he stirred during his lifetime. The text presents an early view of Voltaire's legacy as one that represents not just a personal journey, but also a cultural milestone that laid the groundwork for modern thought, advocating for reason and human rights amidst an oppressive societal framework.
Victor Hugo
Oration on Voltaire
"Oration on Voltaire by Victor Hugo and Julius Moritzen" is a collection of an oration and critical essays compiled in the early 20th century. It presents a translated ceremonial address alongside an introduction and interpretive pieces that frame Voltaire’s life and influence. The book is best described as a literary-historical tribute and critical study, focusing on Voltaire’s fight against religious intolerance and judicial cruelty, and on his lasting role in shaping modern ideas of justice, tolerance, and peace. The introduction hails progress as both evolution and revolt, praising Voltaire’s liberation of conscience and condemning priestly and political tyranny. The central oration, delivered at the centennial of Voltaire’s death, portrays him as an age-defining force who exposed infamous injustices like the Calas and La Barre cases, fought oppression with the pen, and joined compassion to reason, linking Gospel mercy with Enlightenment tolerance while denouncing war and calling for human concord. A biographical sketch then recounts his irreverent wit, the deathbed legends, and evidence that he died a steadfast skeptic, securing burial despite clerical resistance. The final section, drawing on Georg Brandes, places Voltaire in an international context: England’s free speech shaped his liberalism; high society and statesmen opened doors; his unique exchange with Frederick the Great enriched both ruler and writer; his histories of Charles XII and Peter the Great broadened his reach; and his correspondence with Russian rulers, including Catherine II, shows his pan-European influence. It closes with a striking allegory of humanity’s habit of persecuting its benefactors before erecting their statues.
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