Author
Samuel Butler
1835-1902
Samuel Butler (1835-1902) is a public-domain author available on Rivro. Read free books, explore subjects, and discover related classics.
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Books by Samuel Butler
Erewhon; Or, Over the Range
"Erewhon; Or, Over the Range" by Samuel Butler is a satirical novel published in 1872. A traveler discovers a strange fictional country where society operates by inverted rules: illness is treated as crime, while criminals receive medical treatment. The book satirizes Victorian England while pioneering speculations about machine consciousness and artificial intelligence in its famous "Book of the Machines" section. Drawing on Butler's experiences as a sheep farmer in New Zealand, this darkly comic work imagines a world where compassion and punishment are bizarrely reversed, and where machines may evolve beyond human control.
The Authoress of the Odyssey Where and when she wrote, who she was, the use she made of the Iliad, and how the poem grew under her hands
"The Authoress of the Odyssey" by Samuel Butler is a critical study written in the late 19th century. This work explores the authorship of the ancient epic poem "The Odyssey," proposing that it was penned by a woman rather than the traditional attribution to Homer. Butler embarks on an argument that centers on the text's qualities and its geographic origins, particularly connecting it to Sicily and illustrating how these factors suggest a female authorial perspective. At the start of the book, Butler introduces his thesis regarding the female authorship of "The Odyssey," reflecting on how this perspective influences our understanding of the poem's themes and characters. Through a recounting of his intellectual journey, he expresses his fascination with the text and the riddle he felt while reading it. The opening also touches upon the scholarly debates surrounding the authorship of both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," providing context for his arguments by highlighting the numerous poetesses in early Greek literature. Thus, the beginning sets the stage for a thorough examination of the poem through a lens that challenges longstanding academic conventions.
The Note-Books of Samuel Butler
"The Note-Books of Samuel Butler" by Samuel Butler is a collection of personal reflections and observations arranged and edited by Henry Festing Jones, likely written in the late 19th century. This compilation captures Butler's contemplations on a vast array of subjects, including philosophy, literature, evolution, and the complexities of life itself, reflecting the nuanced perspectives of a thinker whose work interrogated societal norms and personal identity. The opening of this work introduces readers to the origins and purpose behind Butler's note-keeping habit, revealing that he began documenting his thoughts early in life to capture fleeting insights and reflections. These notes served not only as a repository of his ideas but also as a means of shaping his literary voice by forcing him to articulate his thoughts clearly. The preface elaborates on the diverse topics covered in his notes—ranging from his childhood experiences and reflections on morality to inquiries into evolution and the nature of human existence—setting the stage for the rich tapestry of philosophical musings that follow.
The Way of All Flesh
"The Way of All Flesh" by Samuel Butler is a semi-autobiographical novel written between 1873 and 1884, though published posthumously in 1903. This scathing attack on Victorian hypocrisy follows four generations of the Pontifex family, centering on Ernest Pontifex's turbulent journey from oppressive childhood to troubled adulthood. Dominated by hypocritical parents and navigating theological crises, prison, a disastrous marriage, and eventual liberation, Ernest's story captured the anti-Victorian sentiment of its time, earning recognition as a landmark English novel.
Ex Voto: An Account of the Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at Varallo-Sesia With Some Notice of Tabachetti's Remaining Work at the Sanctuary of Crea
"Ex Voto: An Account of the Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at Varallo-Sesia" by Samuel Butler is a historical account written in the late 19th century. The work explores the significance of the Sacro Monte, a collection of chapels and religious sculptures in Varallo, Italy, established as a devotion to recreate the experiences of the Holy Land for those unable to travel there. Butler discusses the artistic contributions of various creators, especially focusing on the sculptor Tabachetti. The opening of the book lays the groundwork for an exploration of the Sacro Monte, beginning with Butler's reflections on prior literature and his own efforts to detail the site's rich historical and artistic significance. He mentions the various chapels that showcase life-sized figures crafted primarily from terra-cotta with realistic features, often enhanced with drapery and human hair. Additionally, he expresses a desire to inspire further research into the artistic accomplishments associated with this site, recounting the visionary experience of Bernardino Caimi, the founder of the Sacro Monte, and the diverse influences from artists that shaped its creation.
Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino
"Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino" by Samuel Butler is a travel narrative written in the late 19th century. This work reflects Butler's deep affection for Italy and its landscapes, focusing particularly on the Alpine regions of Piedmont and Ticino. The book captures his observations of the people, culture, and natural beauty of the area, blending personal anecdotes with thoughtful commentary on the places he visits. The opening of the book offers a prelude to Butler’s experiences in the Italian Alps, establishing his background and the motivation behind his exploration of this region. He describes his frequent visits to various locales, starting with Faido, emphasizing its Italian character despite being politically Swiss. The narrative is rich with descriptions of the scenery, culture, and architectural structures, interspersed with personal encounters that illuminate the daily lives of the local people. Butler's keen observation and artistic sensibilities convey his appreciation for both the beauty and complexity of his surroundings, setting the stage for a captivating journey through the heart of the Alps.
Unconscious Memory
"Unconscious Memory" by Samuel Butler is a treatise on biological theory, written in the late 19th century. This work explores the concept of memory as an unconscious process that shapes the behavior and development of living organisms, linking it to the broader context of evolution. Through his examination, Butler seeks to identify a connection between inherited traits and the unconscious memory of ancestral actions, attempting to provide a framework that supports and expands upon Darwinian evolution. The opening of "Unconscious Memory" introduces Butler's reflective journey into the realm of biological thought and the evolution of consciousness. He discusses the historical context surrounding Darwin's theory of natural selection, emphasizing the prevailing ignorance of earlier evolutionary thinkers and contrasting their ideas with his own theories. The text serves as a personal account of how Butler arrived at his conclusions, specifically through the intertwining of memory and habit in the development of life. He outlines his argument that memories and actions of ancestors influence the present generation's behavior, proposing that these processes are innate and performed unconsciously. This complex relationship sets the stage for Butler's exploration of the implications of memory in the context of evolution.
Atlas of ancient & classical geography
"The Atlas of Ancient and Classical Geography" by Samuel Butler is a geographical reference work edited by Ernest Rhys, produced in the early 20th century. This publication serves as an indispensable resource for understanding the geographical context of ancient and classical histories, featuring a selection of maps covering various regions of the ancient world. The work focuses on elucidating the geographical setting of historical narratives, enhancing the reader's comprehension of classical texts. The atlas contains a collection of maps that span significant areas, including Greece, Italy, Asia Minor, and parts of North Africa. Each map is accompanied by a comprehensive index, making it easy for readers to cross-reference classical place names and geographical features while engaging with historical accounts. It emphasizes the geographical relationships and historical changes impacting these regions over time, providing a detailed visual context for studying historians like Herodotus and Gibbon. The resource is especially aimed at scholars and students seeking a deeper understanding of the interplay between geography and historical events in the ancient world.
Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin
"Evolution, Old & New" by Samuel Butler is a scholarly exploration of evolutionary theory written in the late 19th century. The book critically examines the theories proposed by notable figures such as Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, and Charles Darwin, analyzing their perspectives on evolution, teleology, and the purpose behind the structures of living organisms. Butler aims to affirm the idea of design and purpose in the evolution of life, arguing against the reduction of evolution to mere chance or mechanical causes. At the start of the work, Butler presents the central question of teleology in natural history, contemplating whether the structures of animals and plants demonstrate design or purpose. He contrasts the traditional view of teleology, exemplified by William Paley's arguments, with the emergent scientific perspectives influenced by natural selection and descent with modification. Ultimately, he intends to assert that these evolutionary changes are not devoid of purposeful design, alongside an examination of historical ideas about purposiveness in biology, setting the stage for a deeper discussion that challenges contemporary evolutionary reasoning.
Life and Habit
"Life and Habit" by Samuel Butler is a philosophical treatise originally published in the late 19th century. The work delves into the intricacies of habit formation and the nature of conscious and unconscious actions. Butler explores how accumulated experiences shape human behavior, linking it to broader themes of evolution and instinct. At the start of "Life and Habit," the author sets the stage for a deep inquiry into how repetitive actions transform from conscious efforts into almost automatic behaviors. Butler uses examples like playing a musical instrument, writing, and talking to illustrate how conscious knowledge becomes latent as familiarity increases. He also reflects on the implications of this transformation for our understanding of inherited instincts, suggesting that even seemingly instinctual behaviors may be better understood through the lens of acquired habits developed over generations. The opening chapters challenge readers to consider the relationship between consciousness, knowledge, and action, positing that true mastery comes from an unconscious competence born out of extensive practice.
Hudibras, in Three Parts, Written in the Time of the Late Wars
"Hudibras" by Samuel Butler is a satirical poem written during the tumultuous period of the late 17th century, reflecting the English Civil War and its aftermath. The poem presents a humorous take on the adventures and character of Sir Hudibras, a knight who embodies the contradictions and absurdities of his time, particularly focusing on religious and political conflicts that arose during the war. The opening of "Hudibras" introduces us to the titular character, Sir Hudibras, depicting him as a knight with a comically grandiose sense of self and a variety of humorous traits. It establishes a backdrop of societal chaos and conflict, as various factions engage in battles that betray their true causes. Sir Hudibras is characterized as knowledgeable, yet foolish, as he struggles with debates and logic. His squire, Ralpho, serves as a foil, showcasing a different kind of wit. Together, they embark on absurd adventures, highlighting the satirical commentary on the religious fanaticism and moral hypocrisy prevalent during their era. The narrative invites readers to laugh at the folly of its characters while simultaneously reflecting on the serious themes of loyalty, identity, and the complexity of human motivations amidst chaos.
Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification
"Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification" by Samuel Butler is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The book explores the complex relationship between heredity and memory while seeking to reintegrate the concept of design into the evolutionary narrative, challenging the dominant Darwinian view of natural selection. The beginning of the text establishes Butler's intent to delve into the nuances of organic development, arguing for the significant overlap between heredity and memory. Following an introduction that highlights his shift from an initial focus on the division of life forms to a deeper examination of Darwin's theories, Butler reflects on his interactions with influential contemporaries such as Alfred Tylor and Herbert Spencer. He articulates that understanding the intricacies of descent requires acknowledging design's role in evolution while arguing that instinct should be perceived as inherited memory—a concept he aims to substantiate throughout the work.
Essays on Life, Art and Science
"Essays on Life, Art and Science" by Samuel Butler is a collection of essays written in the late 19th century. This anthology illustrates Butler's remarkable versatility and wit as he explores a variety of subjects, ranging from personal reflections to critiques of societal norms, art, and scientific thought. The collection contains insights into Butler's philosophical musings, personal experiences, and critical observations on human behavior and the nature of existence. The opening of the essays introduces readers to Butler's thoughts on life and literature, highlighting his self-deprecating humor and unique perspective on writing. He begins by sharing a personal anecdote about his search for a suitable writing desk in the British Museum, revealing his introspective nature and the struggle he faces as an author. This opening sets the tone for the essays that follow, as Butler reflects on various literary figures, articulating complex ideas in a relatable manner while drawing connections between himself, his writing, and the legacy of influential writers throughout history. The result is a captivating exploration of art, philosophy, and the intricacies of life that invites readers to contemplate their own existence and the world around them.
God the Known and God the Unknown
"God the Known and God the Unknown" by Samuel Butler is a philosophical treatise written in the late 19th century. The text examines concepts of God, spirituality, and the nature of life from a perspective that intertwines scientific inquiry with theological questions. It presents an exploration of what we can know about God, differentiating between the personal God of traditional theology and a more expansive, impersonal conception of a life force or unity that connects all living things. In the book, Butler discusses the inadequacies of both Pantheism and orthodox theism, arguing for a deeper understanding of God as a living entity whose essence pervades all life on Earth. He posits that humans, animals, and plants all share a common spirit and are thus part of a single, greater organism. Through this lens, Butler attempts to bridge the gap between the known (our tangible experiences of life) and the unknown (the vast, unknowable nature of God). He addresses how the characteristics of life can help us understand the divine, suggesting that rather than focusing solely on doctrine, individuals can encounter God through the richness of life itself. Ultimately, the text encourages readers to reconsider traditional views of divinity and adopt a holistic approach to existence.
Erewhon Revisited Twenty Years Later, Both by the Original Discoverer of the Country and by His Son
"Erewhon Revisited Twenty Years Later, Both by the Original Discoverer of the Country and by His Son" by Samuel Butler is a satirical novel published in 1901. When Higgs returns to the fictional land of Erewhon, he discovers something disturbing: his earlier balloon escape has been interpreted as a divine ascension, and he's now worshipped as "the Sunchild." A new religion has formed around him, guarded by treacherous professors who will stop at nothing to protect their creation—even from its supposed deity. Butler's sharp satire explores how religions emerge and evolve, using invented worlds to reflect uncomfortable truths about real faiths.
Cambridge Pieces
"Cambridge Pieces" by Samuel Butler is a collection of essays, parodies, and sketches penned during the mid-19th century, reflecting the author's experiences and observations while at Cambridge University. The work captures a satirical view of academic life, and institution norms, providing insights on topics such as English composition, examinations, and the inner workings of college society. The beginning of the collection introduces the reader to Butler's reflections on writing and composition, emphasizing clarity and directness over ornate language. He critiques the writing styles of past and contemporary authors, arguing for a return to simplicity reminiscent of older, more masculine styles. Following this, Butler shares his experiences on a holiday tour with a friend, detailing their adventures and the joys of travel. The various essays that follow further explore themes of culture, humor, and social commentary within the context of university life, intertwining personal anecdotes with broader societal observations. This opening section sets the tone for a work that is both reflective and humorously critical, perfect for readers interested in literary exploration and historical perspectives on education.
Canterbury Pieces
"Canterbury Pieces" by Samuel Butler is a collection of essays and dialogues written during the mid-19th century, specifically in the period surrounding the 1860s. This book includes a variety of pieces reflecting on themes related to evolution, particularly Darwin's theories, as well as critiques of societal norms and literature. The collection showcases Butler's engagement with the intellectual currents of his time, especially his evolving thoughts on Darwinian evolution and its implications. The book features several prominent works, including a witty dialogue on Darwin's "On the Origin of Species," in which Butler explores the foundational concepts of natural selection and species evolution through a conversational exchange. Additionally, other essays—such as “Darwin Among the Machines”—examine the relationship between humanity and machinery, pondering future implications of technological advancement. The collection also touches on literary critiques, with Butler reflecting on Shakespeare's "The Tempest" and various social observations, such as the celebration of English cricketers visiting New Zealand. Overall, "Canterbury Pieces" serves as a rich tapestry of Butler's thoughts as he navigates themes of science, philosophy, and culture, making it a significant contribution to 19th-century discourse.
The Fair Haven
"The Fair Haven" by Samuel Butler is a theological treatise written in the late 19th century that defends the miraculous elements of Christianity against rationalist critiques. The book is formatted as a posthumous work attributed to a fictional author, John Pickard Owen, and includes a memoir of him, which serves as a stylistic and argumentative element of the text. Through this structure, Butler explores the intricacies of faith, doubt, and the interpretation of Christian doctrine, likely reflecting his own spiritual journey and skepticism. At the start of "The Fair Haven," readers are introduced to the memoir of John Pickard Owen, which recounts his upbringing and family dynamics, particularly focusing on the contrasting religious influences of his mother and father. Owen’s mother, devout yet literal-minded, instills a strict form of Christianity that shapes his early beliefs, leading to a profound conflict as he matures and begins to question the authenticity and moral implications of those teachings. As he experiences doubts, he embarks on a personal struggle with religious truths, ultimately exploring themes of faith and skepticism that resonate throughout the narrative. The opening segments set the stage for deeper theological discussions, establishing a rich historical context for Butler's reflections on belief.
The Humour of Homer and Other Essays
"The Humour of Homer and Other Essays" by Samuel Butler is a collection of essays written in the late 19th century that explores themes related to literature, art, and science, with a particular focus on humor in classical works. The book contains a significant essay titled "The Humour of Homer," which discusses the comedic aspects of Homer's epics, particularly the Iliad and the Odyssey, while also questioning the traditional interpretations and authorship of these texts. The essays reflect Butler's unique perspective as a critic and a thinker of his time, aiming to shed light on the nature of creativity and the human experience through the lens of humor. The opening of the collection presents an introduction by R. A. Streatfeild that discusses Butler's intentions in his essays and their historical context, providing a biographical backdrop for his analysis of Homer. Butler begins his exploration of Homer's works by emphasizing the importance of understanding the poet not only as a revered figure but as a relatable, flawed human being. He delves into the characters of the Iliad, particularly focusing on Achilles' relationship with the gods and his mother, Thetis, while highlighting the humor and wit in their interactions. This sets the stage for a broader discussion about the nature of humanity as mirrored in ancient texts, questioning traditional interpretations and inviting readers to adopt a more nuanced view of both Homer and the themes within his works.
A First Year in Canterbury Settlement
"A First Year in Canterbury Settlement" by Samuel Butler is a historical account written during the mid-19th century. The book is a compilation of Butler's letters and journal entries detailing his experiences as a young emigrant to New Zealand. It explores the challenges, observations, and adventures he encounters during his first year in the Canterbury Settlement, providing insights into colonial life and the emigrant experience. The opening of the book introduces the reader to Butler's embarkation from Gravesend as he begins his journey to New Zealand. On a rainy day, he reflects on the confusion and excitement of boarding an emigrant ship, where a mix of passengers from various walks of life are embarking on their own new beginnings. As the narrative unfolds, Butler describes the challenges faced during the voyage, including rough weather conditions, moments of levity among the passengers, and the day-to-day life on board. He captures the humor and struggles unique to sea travel while setting the stage for what is to follow as he lands in the new colony and begins to explore this unfamiliar frontier.
Selections from Previous Works With Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals, and a Psalm of Montreal
"Selections from Previous Works" by Samuel Butler is a collection of essays and writings penned in the late 19th century. The text includes critical reflections on various topics, including Butler's insights on science and morality, and features selections from his earlier works, notably "Erewhon". The aim of the collection seems to be to challenge established views on societal norms, ethics, and the intersection between human behavior and health. The opening of the book presents a preface that sets the stage for Butler's commentary, particularly focusing on a critique of Mr. G. J. Romanes' views regarding instinct and inherited memory. Butler expresses his frustrations about scientific inaccuracies and the lack of accountability in the scientific community, showcasing his analytical mindset and a keen interest in the intersections of morality and health. The narrative proceeds to explore the peculiar customs of the fictional society of Erewhon, such as its inversions of morality regarding illness and crime, challenging readers to reconsider their perceptions of justice and social norms. This provocative beginning invites readers into a thought-provoking examination of societal values, making the text a rich resource for those interested in philosophical inquiry and social critique.