Human Nature, and Other Sermons

by Joseph Butler

"Human Nature and Other Sermons" by Joseph Butler is a collection of theological discourses written during the early 18th century. This work delves into the intricacies of human nature from a philosophical and moral perspective, exploring how individuals relate to themselves and to society under the guidance of conscience and benevolence. Butler's insights challenge the notion of self-love, arguing instead for a dual inclination toward both self-preservation and altruism as a fundamental aspect of human existence. At the start of the collection, the opening sermon focuses on the topic of human nature as reflected in the biblical text from Romans. Butler argues that human beings are inherently social creatures, designed for both personal well-being and the well-being of others. He emphasizes the natural principles of benevolence and reflection within individuals, which guide them toward virtuous behavior. The sermon sets out a comparison between the individual’s pursuit of self-interest and their responsibilities to society, asserting that true happiness lies in recognizing the interconnectedness of these two aspects. Through various examples and logical reasoning, Butler establishes a framework for understanding human nature that aligns morality with the inherent inclinations to do good for oneself and for others.